Prevalence of Depression and Its Associated Factors Among Hemodialysis Patients in Hodeida City, Yemen

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic Characteristics of HD Patients (n=200)

Characteristic	N (%)
Sex
Male	149 (74.5)
Female	51 (25.5)
Age (years)
Mean ± SD: 41.7±12.9
<31	52 (26)
31–50	104 (52)
≥51	44 (22)
Marital status
Married	151 (75.5)
Single	40 (20.0)
Divorced	9 (4.5)
Education level
Uneducated	87 (43.5)
Primary	55 (27.5)
Secondary	36 (18.0)
Diploma	13 (6.5)
Bachelor	9 (4.5)
Employment status
Employee	61 (30.5)
Unemployed	139 (69.5)
Medical insurance
Yes	34 (17.0)
No	166 (83.0)
Smoking
Yes	32 (16.0)
No	168 (84.0)
Living status
Alone	15 (7.5)
With family	185 (92.5)
Family history of renal failure
Yes	40 (20.0)
No	160 (80.0)
Family history of psychological disorders
Yes	32 (16.0)
No	168 (84.0)

Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation.

Figure 1 Prevalence of depression among adult hemodialysis patients.

Table 2 Factors Associated with Depression Among HD Patients (n=200)

Variable	N	PHQ-9 Depression Score n (%)		Chi-square	P-value
		<10	≥ 10
Sex
Male	149	65 (43.6)	84 (56.4)	10.99	<0.001*
Female	52	9 (17.6)	42 (82.4)
Age (years)
<31	52	19 (36.5)	33 (63.5)	0.26	0.878
31–50	104	40 (38.5)	64 (61.5)
≥51	44	15 (34.1)	29 (65.9)
Marital status
Married	151	56 (37.1)	95 (62.9)	6.384	0.094^b
Single	40	18 (45.0)	22 (55.0)
Divorced	9	0 (0.0)	9 (100.0)
Education level
Uneducated	87	28 (32.2)	59 (67.8)	4.776	0.311^b
Primary school	55	21 (38.2)	34 (61.8)
Secondary school	36	13 (36.1)	23 (63.9)
Diploma	13	6 (46.2)	7 (53.8)
Bachelor	9	6 (66.7)	3 (33.3)
Employment status
Employee	61	29 (47.5)	32 (52.5)	4.184	0.041*
Unemployed	139	45 (32.4)	94 (67.6)
Medical insurance
Yes	34	18 (52.9)	16 (47.1)	4.466	0.035*
No	166	56 (33.7)	110 (66.3)
Smoking
Yes	32	14 (37.5)	18 (62.5)	0.004	0.949
No	168	65 (82.3)	103 (63.1)
Living status
Alone	15	3 (20.0)	12 (80.0)	2.011	0.125
Family	185	71 (38.4)	114 (61.6)
Family history of renal failure
Yes	40	15 (37.5)	25 (62.5)	0.005	0.924
No	160	59 (36.9)	101 (63.1)
Family history of psychological disorders
Yes	32	10 (31.2)	22 (68.8)	0.540	0.462
No	168	64 (38.1)	104 (61.9)
Hypertension
Yes	150	57 (38.0)	93 (62.0)	0.257	0.612
No	50	17 (34.0)	33 (66.0)
DM
Yes	37	10 (27.0)	27 (73.0)	1.937	0.164
No	163	64 (39.3)	99 (60.7)
Dyslipidemia
Yes	32	8 (25.0)	24 (75.0)	2.353	0.125
No	168	66 (39.3)	102 (60.7)
Angina
Yes	55	22 (40.0)	33 (60.0)	0.293	0.588
No	145	52 (35.9)	93 (64.1)
Cerebral vascular accident
Yes	13	6 (46.2)	7 (53.8)	0.500	0.556^a
No	187	68 (36.4)	119 (63.6)

Notes: Star sign (*) and bold text indicate significant results. ^aFisher’s exact test was conducted. ^bFisher’s exact test was conducted.

Abbreviation: PHQ-9, 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire.

Table 3 Predictors of Depression Among HD Patients (n=200)

Characteristic	B	S.E.	Wald	AOR	95% CI	P value
Sex
Male	Reference
Female	1.209	0.416	8.465	3.352	1.484–7.570	0.004*
Employment
Yes	Reference
No	0.017	0.444	0.001	0.970	0.426–2.428	0.970
Medical insurance
Yes	Reference
No	0.628	0.527	1.422	0.233	0.668–5.259	0.233

Notes: Star sign (*) and bold text indicate significant results.

Abbreviations: B, coefficient of predictor variables; CI, confidence interval; AOR, adjusted odd ratio; S.E, standard error.