Perceived Social Stigma of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Hubuna, Saudi Arabia

Figures & data

Figure 1 Participants’ recruitment flowchart.

Table 1 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of the Participants (n = 618)

Variable	Characteristics	Frequency	Percent	CL infected cases (n=209)
Sex	Male	283	45.8%	97
	Female	335	54.2%	112
Marital Status	Single	217	35.1%	81
	Married	401	64.9%	128
Level of Education	Illiterate	46	7.4%	29
	Primary/Intermediate schools	104	16.8%	38
	Secondary school education	277	44.8%	99
	Higher education (University Graduates or higher)	191	30.9%	43
Living Environment	Inside or nearby farms/multi-planted houses	512	82.8%	156
	Far from farms/no plants inside houses	106	17.2%	53
Employment status	Employed	251	40.6%	86
	Un-employed/retired	164	26.5%	41
	Other (student/housewife)	203	32.8%	82
Location of lesions	Head, face, and neck		36.4%	76
	Upper extremities		26.3%	55
	Lower extremities		24.4%	51
	Multiple locations		12.9%	27
Number of lesions	1–2		38.3%	80
	3–4		44.5%	93
	≥5		17.2%	36

Notes: (≥) More than or equal.

Table 2 Mean Scores of EMIC-SS-12 Items Among Participants (n = 209)

Type of stigmatization	EMIC Item	Item Mean ± SD
Perceived Stigma	EMIC-1	1.79 ± 1.12
	EMIC-2	1.31 ± 0.93
	EMIC-3	1.67 ± 0.85
	EMIC-4	2.56 ± 1.02
Overall perceived stigma		1.89± 0.91
Experienced Stigma	EMIC-5	2.04±1.01
	EMIC-6	0.84 ± 0.83
	EMIC-7	1.84 ± 1.11
	EMIC-8	1.75 ± 0.79
	EMIC-9	2.02 ± 1.11
	EMIC-10	1.89 ± 1.04
	EMIC-11	1.2 ± 0.89
	EMIC-12	2.08 ±0.95
Overall experienced stigma		1.99 ±1.02

Notes: 0 for no stigma, >0–<1 for uncertain stigma, 1–<2 for uncertain stigma, and 2–3 for strong stigma level.

Abbreviation: EMIC-SS, Explanatory Model Interview Catalog-Stigma Scale.

Table 3 Association Between EMIC-SS Score and Participants’ Socio-Demographic Characteristics (n = 618)

Characteristics	n (%)	EMIC-SS
		Mean rank	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Age in years ≥ 18 (mean= 28±12.7)	618 (100%)	91.34		0.122
Sex
Male	283 (45.8%)	76.91	Ref	0.002*
Female	335 (54.2%)	84.56	0.964 (0.801–1.137)
Level of education
Illiterate	46 (7.4%)	66.67	Ref	–
Primary/Intermediate schools	104 (16.8%)	86.45	0.683 (0.711–0.937)	0.061
Secondary school education	277 (44.8%)	101.07	0.776 (1.001–1.036)	0.114
Higher education (University Graduates or higher)	191 (30.9%)	79.89	0.911 (0.901–1.007)	0.089
Living Environment
Inside or nearby farms/multi-planted houses	512 (82.8%)	80.11	Ref	0.812
Far from farms/no plants inside houses	106 (17.2%)	84.55	0.617 (0.541–0.824)
Employment status
Un-employed/retired	251 (40.6%)	112.23	Ref	-
Employed	164 (26.5%)	93.56	0.700 (0.771–1.097)	0.001*
Other (student/housewife)	203 (32.8%)	98.89	0.804 (0.816–1.004)	0.101
Location of lesions
Head, face, and neck	214 (34.6%)	108.12	Ref	–
Upper extremities	198 (32%)	99.78	1.352 (0.63–2.4)	0.011*
Lower extremities	110 (17.8%)	86.11	1.528 (0.855–2.513)	0.067
Multiple locations	96 (15.5%)	110.09	1.713 (1.052–1.945)	0.344
Numbers of lesions
1–2	237 (38.3%)	79.46	Ref	–
3–4	249 (40.3%)	80.19	0.464 (0.556–1.121)	0.078
≥5	132 (21.4%)	104.48	0.921 (0.633 −0.731)	0.000*

Note: *Significant.