Multi-Sensory Stimuli Improve Relaxation and Sleep Quality in Rotating Shift Workers: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Figures & data

Figure 1 Odor screening tools.

Figure 2 Arrangement of multi-sensory stimuli.

Figure 3 Multi-sensory stimuli diagram.

Figure 4 The Characteristics of the sample groups.

Table 1 Comparison of Relaxation Among Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3 (Control)

Relaxation	Change During the Experiment			p
	Mean Change (SD)
	Group 1 (n=20)	Group 2 (n=20)	Group 3 (n=20)
1. score (the visual Analogue Scale for Relaxation)	+1.95 (0.94) **	+3.45 (0.94) **	+0.25 (0.55) **	<0.001
2. percentage stress as determined by the change in the heart rate during sleep	−4.73 (1.17) **	−8.63 (1.48) **	−0.77 (2.18) **	<0.001
3. heart rate change during sleep	−5.38 (2.28) **	−10.85 (2.48) **	−0.25 (2.25) **	<0.001

Notes: ** p < 0.001 Multiple comparisons by Scheffe’s method.

Table 2 Comparison of Relaxation Among Group 1, Group 2, and Group 3 (Control)

Sleep Quality	Change During the Experiment			p
	Mean Change (SD)
	Group 1 (n=20)	Group 2 (n=20)	Group 3 (n=20)
1. Total sleep duration	+38.65 (23.90) **	+54.30 (45.86) **	+2.90 (12.86)	<0.001
2. Deep sleep duration	+24.65 (43.82)	+46.10 (49.52) *	+0.25 (10.78)	0.002
3. Sleep duration with rapid eye movement	+7.60 (19.31)	+7.00 (28.22)	+2.45 (5.47)	0.674
4. Sleep efficiency	+1.16 (1.45) *	+1.19 (1.11)	+0.26 (0.85)	0.020

Notes: * p < 0.05 Multiple comparisons (Scheffe, Dunnett’s T3), ** p < 0.001 Multiple comparisons (Dunnett’s T3).