A Systematic Review of the Application of Artificial Intelligence in Nursing Care: Where are We, and What’s Next?

Figures & data

Table 1 Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria

Inclusion Criteria

Articles encompassing quantitative studies, qualitative studies, mixed methods, conference proceedings, theoretical papers, pilot studies, protocols, discussion, commentary, or dissertations. Articles pertaining to or aiming to determine the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in nursing care. Studies conducted in any setting. Articles published in the English language. Studies published between 2019 and 2023.

Exclusion Criteria

Studies that do not address the aim of interest or involve animal subjects. Articles consisting of abstracts only. Review articles, letters to the editor, or editorials.

Figure 1 Flow Chart Diagram. Adapted from Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. Creative Commons.¹⁵

Table 2 Characteristics of Included Studies

Characteristics	Number of Included Study (N)	Percentage (%)
Publication Year
2023	4	36.36
2022	1	9.09
2021	2	18.18
2020	1	9.09
2019	3	27.27
Country
United States	6	54.54
China	3	27.27
United Kingdom	1	9.09
Indonesia	1	9.09
Study Design
Retrospective Study	3	27.27
Tool Development Research	2	18.18
Cross-sectional	1	9.09
Discussion Paper	1	9.09
Multiple Case Study	1	9.09
Exploratory Study	1	9.09
Commentary	1	9.09
Methodology Research	1	9.09
Sample Size
1–1000	2	18.18
1000–5000	4	36.36
> 5000	1	9.09
Not Applicable	4	36.36
Focus Population
Adults (not specified or multiple conditions)	4	36.36
Older Adults	1	9.09
Patients with Skin Conditions	1	9.09
Stroke (not specified)	1	9.09
Mental Health Issue	1	9.09
Diabetes	1	9.09
Depression	1	9.09
Not Applicable	1	9.09
AI included in the included studies*
CART	2	15.38
Deep Learning	2	15.38
Unsupervised classification (Clustering)	2	15.38
Regularized Logistic Regression	1	7.69
SVM	1	7.69
Random Forest	1	7.69
ChatGPT	1	7.69
Intelligent Algorithms	1	7.69
Extreme Gradient Boosting	1	7.69
Not Specified	1	7.69

Note: *One study may report more than one characteristic; the total number of included studies can be > 11.

Abbreviations: SVM, Support Vector Machine; CART, Classification and Regression Tree.

Table 3 Artificial Intelligence in Nursing Care Themes

Reference	Artificial Intelligence in Nursing Care Themes
	Risk Identification	Health Assessment	Patients Classification	Research Development	Improved Care Delivery and Medical Record	Develop a Nursing Care Plan
[17]	X
[18]						X
[19]		X
[20]						X
[21]	X					X
[22]					X
[23]	X
[24]			X
[25]				X
[26]	X
[27]	X					X

Figure 2 Model Summary of Artificial Intelligence in Nursing Care in Healthcare Context.

Abbreviations: AI, Artificial Intelligence; SVM, Support Vector Machine; CART, Classification and Regression Tree.

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