Determinants of Health-Related Quality of Life in Outpatients with Myocardial Infarction

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Study Patients (n=333)

Characteristics		Median 95% (Lower-Upper) or Frequency (%)
Age		58 (57–60)
Gender	Male	251 (75.4%)
	Female	82 (24.6%)
Marital status	Other ^a	14 (4.2%)
	Married	318 (95.8%)
Educational level	Low (less than college/university)	214 (64.7%)
	High (college/university)	117 (35.3%)
Currently employed	No	212 (63.9%)
	Yes	120 (36.1%)
Monthly income	Less than 500 JDs	223 (67.0%)
	More than 500 JDs	110 (33.0%)
Residency	Countryside	141 (42.5%)
	City	191 (57.5%)
Performing regular ^b physical activity	No	272 (82.2%)
	Yes	59 (17.8%)
Smoking	No	192 (57.7%)
	Yes	141 (42.3%)
BMI (Kg/m^2)	<24.9	51 (15.3%)
	25–29.9	130 (39%)
	>30	152 (45.6%)
Family history of CVD	No	103 (31%)
	Yes	229 (69%)
Having comorbidities other than MI	No	71 (21.3%)
	Yes	262 (78.7%)
Comorbidities	Hypertension	307 (92.2%)
	Diabetes	180 (54.1%)
	Dyslipidemia	159 (47.7%)
	Heart failure	40 (12%)
	Arrhythmia	31 (9.3%)
	Chronic kidney disease	20 (6%)

Notes: ^aSingle, separated, divorced, or widowed, CVD: Cardiovascular Disease. ^bRegular physical activity refers to the engagement in physical activities, sports, exercise, or other forms of movement on a regular basis—for example, 30 minutes a day, five days a week.

Abbreviation: BMI, Body Mass Index.

Table 2 Medications Prescribed for the Study Patients (n=333)

Medications		Median 95% (Lower-Upper) or Frequency (%)
Number of MI medications		4 (4–5)
Total number of medications		7 (7–8)
Frequency of drug administration	Once	52 (15.7%)
	Twice	191 (57.5%)
	Thrice or more	89 (26.8%)
Medications for Blood Pressure Control
Beta-blockers	No	57 (17.1%)
	Yes	276 (82.9%)
ACEIs	No	220 (66.1%)
	Yes	113 (33.9%)
ARBs	No	218 (65.5%)
	Yes	115 (34.5%)
CCBs	No	241 (72.4%)
	Yes	92 (27.6%)
Diuretics	No	198 (59.5%)
	Yes	135 (40.5%)
Vasodilators	No	261 (78.4%)
	Yes	72 (21.6%)
Medications for Lipid control
Statins	No	15 (4.5%)
	Moderate intensity	76 (22.8%)
	High intensity	242 (72.7%)
Fibrates	No	314 (94.3%)
	Yes	19 (5.7%)
Medications for Blood Glucose Control
Metformin	No	212 (63.7%)
	Yes	121 (36.3%)
Sulfonylurea	No	286 (85.9%)
	Yes	47 (14.1%)
DPP-4 inhibitors	No	306 (91.9%)
	Yes	27 (8.1%)
Insulin	No	273 (82%)
	Yes	60 (18%)
Antiplatelets
Antiplatelet	No	20 (6.0%)
	Yes	313 (94.0%)
Aspirin	No	29 (8.7%)
	Yes	304 (91.3%)
Clopidogrel	No	170 (51.1%)
	Yes	163 (48.9%)
Dual antiplatelet therapy	No	179 (53.8%)
	Yes	154 (46.2%)
Anticoagulants
Warfarin	No	322 (96.7%)
	Yes	11 (3.3%)
Anti-arrhythmic drugs
Amiodarone	No	323 (97%)
	Yes	10 (3%)
Digoxin	No	322 (96.7%)
	Yes	11 (3.3%)
Other medications
PPIs	No	69 (20.7%)
	Yes	264 (79.3%)

Abbreviations: MI, Myocardial Infarction; ACEIs, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; ARBs, Angiotensin Receptor Blockers; CCBs, Calcium Channel Blockers; DPP-4 inhibitors, Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 inhibitors; PPIs, Proton Pump inhibitors.

Figure 1 Distribution of the HRQOL of the study participants according to EQ-5D.

Table 3 Multivariate Analysis of the Factors Associated with Health-Related Quality of Life

Variables		Coefficient	95% Cl		P value
			Lower Bound	Upper Bound
Age		−0.003	−0.007	0.001	0.149
Gender	Male	0.110	0.022	0.197	0.014
	Female (REF)	0
Educational level	Less than college/university	−0.024	−0.115	0.066	0.594
	College/university (REF)	0
Monthly income	Less than 500 JDs	−0.115	−0.203	−0.026	0.011
	More than 500 JDs (REF)	0
Performing regular physical activity	No	−0.009	−0.110	0.092	0.861
	Yes (REF)	0
BMI	<24.9	0.034	−0.079	0.147	0.554
	25–29.9	0.044	−0.038	0.126	0.288
	>30 (REF)	0
Having diabetes	No	0.154	0.042	0.266	0.007
	Yes (REF)	0
Presence of heart failure	No	0.084	−0.035	0.203	0.168
	Yes (REF)	0
Presence of arrhythmia	No	0.133	−0.003	0.268	0.056
	Yes (REF)	0
Receiving ACEIs	No	−0.020	−0.101	0.061	0.622
	Yes (REF)	0
Receiving diuretics	No	0.067	−0.014	0.148	0.105
	Yes (REF)	0
Receiving metformin	No	0.029	−0.077	0.136	0.585
	Yes (REF)	0
Receiving insulin	No	0.096	−0.011	0.204	0.079
	Yes (REF)	0
Receiving DPP-4 inhibitor	No	−0.321	−0.462	−0.180	<0.001
	Yes (REF)	0
Receiving aspirin	No	−0.027	−0.160	0.107	0.693
	Yes (REF)	0
Receiving PPIs	No	0.088	−0.006	0.182	0.067
	Yes (REF)	0
LDL-C (mmol/L)		−0.030	−0.112	0.052	0.469
Medication-related concerns		−0.008	−0.018	0.001	0.087
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)		0.051	−0.023	0.126	0.176
Adherence level	Low	−0.271	−0.395	−0.147	<0.001
	Moderate	−0.123	−0.202	−0.044	0.002
	High (REF)	0

Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index; ACEIs, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors; DPP-4 inhibitors, Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 inhibitors; PPIs, Proton Pump Inhibitors; LDL-C, Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol.