A comparison of effectiveness of hepatitis B screening and linkage to care among foreign-born populations in clinical and nonclinical settings

Figures & data

Table 1 Screening sites and participant counts

Site type	Name of screening site	Designation	Frequency (n)	Percent
Clinical settings	Asian Human Services	FQHC	53	7.0
	Heartland Health Centers	FQHC	101	13.3
	Korean American Family Clinic	CHC	75	9.9
Nonclinical settings	Quang Minh Viet Temple	FBO	43	5.7
	African United Community Methodist Church	FBO	39	5.1
	Cambodian Association of Illinois	CBO	28	3.7
	Chinese American Service League	CBO	57	7.5
	Chicago Mongolian Mission Church	FBO	43	5.7
	Ethiopian Community Association of Chicago	CBO	44	5.8
	Filipino Community Health Fair	Health fair	42	5.5
	Hanul Family Alliance	CBO	48	6.3
	Lao American Organization of Elgin	CBO	144	19.0
	Tibetan Alliance of Chicago	CBO	41	5.4
Totals			758	100

Abbreviations: CBO, community-based organization; CHC, community health clinic; FBO, faith-based organization; FQHC, federally qualified health center.

Table 2 Description of sample

Variable	Total number (nT=758)	Percentage
Site type
Clinical settings	229	30.2
Nonclinical settings	529	69.8
Sex
Male	285	37.6
Female	470	62.0
Not indicated	3	0.4
Race
Asian	620	81.8
Other	93	12.2
Not indicated	45	5.9
Age
Less than 30 years	67	8.8
30–39 years	104	13.7
40–49 years	186	24.5
50–59 years	181	23.9
60–69 years	169	22.3
70 years or older	50	6.6
Not indicated	1	0.1
Region of birth
South Asia	100	13.2
East Asia	235	31.0
Southeast Asia	289	38.1
Africa	82	10.8
North America	7	0.9
Europe	1	0.1
Not indicated	44	5.8
Residence years in the United States
Less than 10 years	108	14.2
10–19 years	101	13.3
20–29 years	78	10.3
30 or more years	120	15.8
Not indicated	351	46.3
Insurance status
Yes	271	35.8
No	400	52.8
Not indicated	87	11.5
Registered doctor or health care provider
Yes	169	22.3
No	246	32.5
Not indicated	343	45.3
English as primary language
Yes	74	9.8
No	684	90.2

Figure 1 Risk factors associated with hepatitis B infection.

Table 3 Hepatitis B infection rate by country of origin

Country of origin	HBsAg positivity
	Nonclinical settings	Clinical settings	Totals
Laos	14	1	15
Korea	2	2	4
Philippines	1	2	3
Vietnam	2	0	2
People’s Republic of China	7	1	8
Cambodia	4	0	4
Ghana	2	0	2
Nepal	1	1	2
Bhutan	0	1	1
Others	6	10	16
Overall prevalence	7.4%	7.0%	7.3%

Abbreviation: HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen.

Table 4 Chi-square tests of independence between risk factors and HBsAg results

Risk factor	HBsAg positivity
	χ^2, df	P-value	ΦC
Same-sex partner	12.759, 1	0.000*	0.178
Acupuncture	4.737, 1	0.030*	0.109
Household contact with infected person(s)	8.743, 1	0.003*	0.265
Blood transfusion	0.544, 1	0.461	0.037
Tattoos/body piercings	0.407, 1	0.523	0.032
Family member with hepatitis B	0.394, 1	0.530	0.037

Note:

* Significant χ² explained by a disproportionately large number of individuals responding “no.”

Abbreviation: HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen.

Table 5 Linkage to care

Type of setting	Number of HBsAg positive individuals	Posttest counseling provided		Referred to medical care		Source of care when referred to medical care indicated
		Y	N	Y	N	Primary care physician	Medical facility
Clinical setting	16	16	0	9	7	5	4
Nonclinical setting	39	39	0	30	9	11	19

Abbreviations: N, no; Y, yes.