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Review

Management of pain in patients with temporomandibular disorder (TMD): challenges and solutions

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Pages 571-587 | Published online: 16 Mar 2018

Figures & data

Figure 1 The four dimensions of the biobehavioral model of pain perception and motor behavior.

Notes: The four circle segments are variables for assessment and treatment according to each dimension. Outside boxes are transverse or aspecific variables that are dependent on interactions among the different dimensions.
Figure 1 The four dimensions of the biobehavioral model of pain perception and motor behavior.

Table 1 Evidence on treatment options for pain related to TMD

Figure 2 Mechanisms involved in the biobehavioral model of pain perception and motor behavior.

Notes: Generation of pain perception from somatosensory or emotional stimuli or the combination of both according to different contexts can influence increased or decreased pain perception. The black boxes show the cognitive processes involved in the maintenance and “chronification” of symptoms from behavioral changes, emphasizing those related to motor behavior that in turn can influence feedback and learning for the maintenance of pain perception and increase perceived disability.
Figure 2 Mechanisms involved in the biobehavioral model of pain perception and motor behavior.

Figure 3 Representation of the therapeutic approach according to the biobehavioral model of pain perception and motor behavior.

Notes: An essential objective within the model is the reduction of the disability. It is proposed that this objective can be approached from the achievement of two secondary objectives: reduction in perception of pain, and improvement in motor behavior. It is a biobehavioral therapeutic structure based on diverse treatment methods that influence the four dimensions raised in the model.
Figure 3 Representation of the therapeutic approach according to the biobehavioral model of pain perception and motor behavior.