Characterization of cortical source generators based on electroencephalography during tonic pain

Figures & data

Table 1 Between-session reproducibility of cortical activities in two regions of interests (the anterior cingulate cortex and the insular cortex)

Frequency band	Anterior cingulate cortex			Insular cortex
	P-value	ICC	LoAs	P-value	ICC	LoAs
Resting state
Delta	0.60	0.68	−1.3 to 1.2	0.54	0.58	−1.3 to 1.1
Theta	0.50	0.68	−1.2 to 1.1	0.44	0.61	−1.3 to 1.1
Alpha1	0.58	0.77	−1.5 to 1.4	0.65	0.83	−1.1 to 1.0
Alpha2	0.70	0.80	−1.2 to 1.3	0.49	0.80	−1.0 to 1.0
Beta1	0.39	0.75	−1.2 to 1.1	0.86	0.67	−1.2 to 1.2
Beta2	0.50	0.67	−1.6 to 1.4	0.53	0.68	−1.5 to 1.7
Beta3	0.52	0.65	−1.7 to 1.5	0.89	0.72	−1.6 to 1.6
Gamma	0.16	0.59	−1.9 to 1.5	0.51	0.62	−1.7 to 1.5
Cold pressor
Delta	0.58	0.63	−1.9 to 1.7	0.81	0.66	−1.9 to 1.8
Theta	0.85	0.68	−1.5 to 1.5	0.86	0.58	−2.0 to 1.9
Alpha1	0.82	0.67	−1.5 to 1.4	0.98	0.49	−2.1 to 2.1
Alpha2	0.99	0.66	−1.4 to 1.4	0.85	0.47	−1.9 to 2.0
Beta1	0.23	0.64	−1.5 to 1.2	0.99	0.50	−1.7 to 1.7
Beta2	0.36	0.68	−1.5 to 1.3	0.93	0.61	−1.6 to 1.6
Beta3	0.59	0.70	−1.5 to 1.4	0.97	0.62	−1.8 to 1.8
Gamma	0.65	0.64	−1.8 to 1.6	0.76	0.67	−1.6 to 1.5

Note: P-values from paired t-tests.

Abbreviations: ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient; LoAs, limits of agreement.

Figure 1 Cortical source activities evoked by cold pressor pain for the eight frequency bands.

Notes: Yellow and orange colors represent cortical areas with increased activity, whereas blue color represents cortical areas with decreased activity. Voxels colored orange and dark blue indicate areas with t-values closest to the threshold value, that is, the least significant findings.

Table 2 Overview of cortical activities evoked by the cold pressor test in different frequency bands

Brain area	Delta (1–4 Hz)			Theta (4–8 Hz)			Alpha2 (10–12 Hz)			Beta1 (12–18 Hz)			Beta2 (18–24 Hz)			Beta3 (24–32 Hz)			Gamma (32–60 Hz)
	L	M	R	L	M	R	L	M	R	L	M	R	L	M	R	L	M	R	L	M	R
Angular gyrus (BA 39)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1
Anterior cingulate (BA 24, 25, 32, 33)	–	6	10	4	10	15	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	1
Cingulate gyrus (BA 23, 24, 31)	5	1	4	–	–	–	7	–	5	1	–	–	2	–	–	15	1	3	21	8	5
Posterior cingulate (BA 23, 29, 30, 31)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	17	–	–	15	–	–	11	–	1	21	1	10
Superior frontal gyrus (BA 6)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	5	–	–
Inferior frontal gyrus (BA 6, 9,	–	–	75	2	–	23	–	–	–	58	–	18	10	–	19	5	–	12	35	–	23
10, 13, 44, 45, 46, 47)
Medial frontal gyrus (BA 6, 25)	–	–	3	4	–	8	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1
Middle frontal gyrus (BA 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 46, 47)	–	–	19	–	–	–	–	–	–	29	–	–	2	–	7	3	–	9	23	–	8
Cuneus (BA 17, 18, 23, 30)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	3	–	4	3	–	3	10	5	31
Extranuclear (BA 13)	–	–	5	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Fusiform gyrus (BA 20, 36, 37)	14	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	7	–	12	23	–	14	2	–	9	15	–	16
Inferior occipital gyrus (BA 18, 19)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	3	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Middle occipital gyrus (BA 18, 19, 37)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	8	–	–	–	–	–	2	–	–	8	–	3
Superior occipital gyrus (BA 19)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1
Inferior parietal lobule (BA 40)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–	5
Insula (BA 13, 22, 40, 41, 45, 47)	4	–	18	–	–	–	–	–	–	53	–	70	51	–	71	41	–	53	64	–	74
Lingual gyrus (BA 17, 18, 19)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	2	–	–	9	–	6	13	–	16	27	3	46
Middle temporal gyrus (BA 19, 21, 22, 37, 38, 39)	–	–	16	–	–	1	–	–	–	4	–	22	2	–	16	2	–	7	2	–	32
Inferior temporal gyrus (BA 20, 21)	–	–	5	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	20	1	–	18	–	–	12	1	–	22
Superior temporal gyrus (BA 13, 21, 22, 38, 41, 42)	–	–	55	1	–	19	–	–	–	10	–	40	18	–	53	5	–	43	12	–	76
Transverse temporal gyrus (BA 41, 42)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	3	–	1	2	–	10	3	–	11	–	–	15
Parahippocampal gyrus (BA 19, 20, 27, 28, 30, 34, 35, 36, 37)	22	–	13	–	–	1	–	–	–	44	–	–	57	–	5	39	–	7	63	–	25
Postcentral gyrus (BA 1, 2, 3, 40, 43)	–	–	–	–	–	–	5	–	–	–	–	6	1	–	10	12	–	8	15	–	23
Precentral gyrus (BA 4, 6, 43, 44)	–	–	–	–	–	–	10	–	–	28	–	40	24	–	41	44	–	27	104	–	45
Precuneus (BA 31)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	2	–	–	3	–	–
Rectal gyrus (BA 11)	–	–	–	6	–	7	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Subcallosal gyrus (BA 13, 25, 34, 47)	2	1	7	5	2	9	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Subgyral (BA 2, 6, 19, 20, 21)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	10	1	–	10	2	–	6	6	–	7
Supramarginal gyrus (BA 40)	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1
Uncus (BA 20, 28, 34, 36, 38)	–	–	31	6	–	15	–	–	–	15	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	1	–	–

Notes: The numbers of voxels that are significantly increased (indicated with black numbers) or decreased (indicated with red numbers) are reported in the activated brain areas for the different frequency bands. ; “–” indicates no significant changes.

Abbreviations: BA, Brodmann area (can be included in more than one brain area); L, left; M, middle; R, right.