Caffeine as an opioid analgesic adjuvant in fibromyalgia

J Ryan Scott1 Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, Department of AnesthesiologyCorrespondence[email protected]

Afton L Hassett1 Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology

Chad M Brummett1 Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology

Richard E Harris1 Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology;2 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Daniel J Clauw1 Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology;2 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Steven E Harte1 Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology;2 Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Caffeine as an opioid analgesic adjuvant in fibromyalgia

Table 1 Opioid user stratum sociodemographic characteristics and substance use split by caffeine intake

Table 2 Opioid nonuser stratum sociodemographic characteristics and substance use split by caffeine intake

Table 3 Analysis of covariance showing the effects of caffeine intake on patient-reported outcomes in opioid users

Table 4 Analysis of covariance showing the effect of caffeine intake on patient-reported outcomes in opioid nonusers

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Caffeine as an opioid analgesic adjuvant in fibromyalgia

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Table 1 Opioid user stratum sociodemographic characteristics and substance use split by caffeine intake

Table 2 Opioid nonuser stratum sociodemographic characteristics and substance use split by caffeine intake

Table 3 Analysis of covariance showing the effects of caffeine intake on patient-reported outcomes in opioid users

Table 4 Analysis of covariance showing the effect of caffeine intake on patient-reported outcomes in opioid nonusers

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