Development and validation of an Arabic-language headache questionnaire for population-based surveys

Figures & data

Figure 1 The forward- and back-translation process of the questionnaire.

Table 1 Participants’ characteristics (n=232)

Age (years, mean ± SD)	41.2±10.9
Gender (Female), n (%)	169 (72.8)
Residence, n (%)
Rural	86 (37.1)
Urban	146 (62.9)
Education, n (%)
Illiterate	41 (17.7)
Primary education	39 (16.8)
Secondary education	78 (33.6)
Higher education	74 (31.9)
Marriage
Yes	124 (53.4)
No	108 (46.6)
Employment status
Employed	151 (65.1)
Unemployed	62 (26.7)
Student	19 (8.2)

Table 2 The difference between interviewers’ diagnoses and neurologists’ diagnoses

Headache type	Interviewers’ diagnoses (%)	Neurologists’ diagnoses (%)
Episodic migraines	82 (35.3)	86 (37.1)
Chronic migraines	9 (3.9)	14 (6)
ETTH	105 (45.3)	98 (42.2)
CTTH	13 (5.6)	15 (6.5)
Cluster headaches	8 (3.4)	7 (3)
Unclassified	15 (6.5)	5 (2.2)
Symptomatic	0 (0)	7 (3)

Abbreviations: CTTH, chronic tension-type headache; ETTH, episodic tension-type headache.

Table 3 Validity testing (sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value, with 95% CI) from the randomly selected headache subsample

Type of headache	Sensitivity (95% CI)	Specificity (95% CI)	Positive predictive value (95% CI)	Negative predictive value (95% CI)
Episodic migraine	0.86 (0.78–0.97)	0.94 (0.86–0.98)	0.86 (0.69–0.98)	0.92 (0.87–0.99)
Chronic migraine	0.71 (0.52–0.99)	0.98 (0.82–1.00)	0.78 (0.63–0.96)	0.96 (0.82–1.00)
ETTH	0.93 (0.79–0.98)	0.93 (0.86–1.00)	0.95 (0.85–1.00)	0.92 (0.82–0.99)
CTTH	0.79 (0.64–1.00)	0.96 (0.89–0.97)	0.85 (0.69–0.99)	0.98 (0.94–1.00)
Unclassified	0.66 (0.12–0.81)	0.97 (0.92–1.00)	0.67 (0.31–0.89)	0.97 (0.91–1.00)

Abbreviations: CTTH, chronic tension-type headache; ETTH, episodic tension-type headache.

Table

Notes: We welcome the reader to inquire with the corresponding author for more details through the following e-mail ([e-mail]).