Incidence and predictive factors of spinal cord stimulation treatment after lumbar spine surgery

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flowchart of the lumbar surgery patients included in the study.

Note: *Not included in the analyses.
Abbreviation: SCS, spinal cord stimulation.

Table 1 Demographic data

	Without SCS N=788	With SCS N=21	P-value
Number of female, n (%)	339 (43)	11 (52)	0.39
Age, mean (SD)	44 (11)	40 (9)	0.10
Diagnose, n (%)			0.080
M51.1a	566 (72)	13 (62)
M51.3b	25 (3)	3 (14)
M48.0c	129 (16)	3 (14)
M43.1d	30 (4)	0 (0)
M96e	38 (5)	2 (10)
Type of surgery, n (%)			0.34
Disc surgery	549 (69)	12 (57)
Stabilizing surgery	124 (16)	4 (19)
Decompression	115 (15)	5 (24)

Notes:

a Lumbar and other intervertebral disc disorders with radiculopathy,

b other specified intervertebral disc degeneration,

c spinal stenosis,

d spondylolisthesis,

e postsurgical musculoskeletal disorders without specific classification.

Abbreviation: SCS, spinal cord stimulation.

Table 2 Predictive factors for SCS implantation and comparison of respondents with or without SCS implanted during the followup period after the survey.

	Without SCS N=526	With SCS N=11	P-value
Number of female, n (%)	238 (45)	5 (45)	0.99
Age, mean (SD)	45 (11)	43 (8)	0.39
Body Mass Index, mean (SD)	27.3 (4.8)	28.9 (6.1)	0.31
Index operation first, n (%)	459 (87)	9 (82)	0.64
Type of surgery, n (%)			0.52
Disc surgery	355 (68)	6 (55)
Stabilizing surgery	83 (16)	2 (18)
Decompression	87 (17)	3 (27)
Occurrence of pain, n (%)			<0.001
None	40 (8)	0 (0)
Occasionally	191 (37)	0 (0)
Daily	243 (47)	4 (36)
All the time	46 (9)	7 (64)
Pain intensity (NRS), mean (SD)
Axial low back pain	4.2 (2.3)	5.8 (2.3)	0.031
Radicular pain	3.7 (2.7)	6.3 (1.6)	0.002
Disability (NRS), mean (SD)	4.9 (2.7)	7.4 (1.6)	0.003
Oswestry Disability Index, mean (SD)	24 (18)	49 (9)	<0.001
Beck Depression Index Score, mean (SD)	9.2 (8.7)	22.1 (10)	<0.001
Beck Depression Index Score ≥10	201 (38)	10 (91)	<0.001
Response to pain medication, (NRS 0–10), mean (SD)	6.2 (2.3)	4.0 (1.4)	0.004

Note: Two patients already had SCS at the time of the questionnaire and their results were excluded from this comparison.

Abbreviations: NRS, numeric rating scale; SCS, spinal cord stimulation.

Figure 2 Relationship between BDI and ODI in the group interviewed by telephone.

Note: Gray area represents 95% confidence intervals.
Abbreviations: BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; ODI, Oswestry Disability Index.

Table 3 Number of potential SCS candidates according to the phone interview compared to number of implanted SCSs

SCS candidate	SCS implanted
	No	Yes	Total
No	514	9	523
Yes	12	2	14
Total	526	11	537

Abbreviation: SCS, spinal cord stimulation.