Predicting factors of outcome in multidisciplinary treatment of chronic neuropathic pain

Figures & data

Table 1 Sample characteristics (n=141)

Characteristic	Value
Age (M±SD)	60.1±12.6
Sex, n (%)
Female	90 (64%)
Marital status
Married	85 (61%)
Single	12 (8.6%)
Divorced/separated	17 (12.2%)
Living with a partner	9 (6.5%)
Widowed	16 (11.5%)
Educational level
None	4 (2.9%)
Primary education	62 (45.3%)
Secondary education	52 (38%)
High school certificate	7 (5.1%)
College or university degree	12 (8.8%)
Pain history (years)	7.64 (8.2)
Frequency of pain
Several times in a week	9 (6.5%)
Several times every day	39 (28.5%)
Permanent	89 (65%)
Work absence (days)	11.0±13.8
Length of hospital days	14.92±4.28
Pain intensity (NRS)	6.8±1.7
Pain chronicity (MPSS)	8.9±1.3
Disability (PDI)	37.7±13.9
Depression (ADS-K)	16.9±10.0
Pain acceptance (CPAQ)	30.8±10.4
Pain catastrophizing (PCS-H)	11.9±5.5

Abbreviations: ADS-K, Allgemeine Depressions Skala–Kurz version; CPAQ, Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire; M, mean; MPSS, Mainz Pain Staging System; n, number; NRS, numeric rating scale; PCS-H, Pain Catastrophizing Scale–Helplessness; PDI, pain disability index.

Table 2 Repeated-measures ANOVAs, mean ± SDs, F-ratios, P-values, partial η², and Bonferroni post hoc tests

Variables	Pretreatment (T0)	Posttreatment (T1)	3-month follow-up (T2)	F (df)	P	η^Citation2	Bonferroni tests Mean difference
							T0–T1	T0–T2
Pain intensity	6.8±1.7	4.8±1.7	5.5±2.1	41.6 (2/146)	0.000	0.36	2.0***	1.3***
Disability	37.4±14.5	26.7±14.1	30.7±15.9	26.8 (2/140)	0.000	0.27	10.6***	6.6***
Depression	16±10.2	9.5±6.5	14.6±9.5	21.3 (2/130)	0.000	0.25	6.4***	1.3ns
Pain acceptance	32.8±11.0	36.0±10.0	35.6±11.7	7.5 (2/144)	0.001	0.09	−3.2***	−2.8**
Pain catastrophizing	12±5.6	8.9±4.8	10.3±5.8	14.2 (2/148)	0.000	0.16	3.1***	1.7*

Notes:

*** P<0.001;

** P< 0.01;

* P<0.05;

ns Not significant.

Abbreviation: df, degrees of freedom.

Table 3 Results of univariate regression analyses of change in pain and disability

Predictors	Change in pain intensity (T0–T2)			Change in disability (T0–T2)
Treatment outcome	B	β	P	B	β	P
Baseline characteristics
Demographic variables
Age	0.008	0.04	0.66	−0.11	−0.11	0.31
Sex	1.00	0.46	0.03*	5.98	0.21	0.05
Marital status	−0.19	−0.09	0.37	−2.16	−0.16	0.11
Educational level	−0.01	−0.008	0.94	−1.57	−0.11	0.31
Pain-related variables
Pain history (years)	−0.05	−0.20	0.07	−0.46	−0.27	0.02*
Work absence (days)	−0.07	−0.37	0.24	−0.28	−0.27	0.28
Frequency of pain	0.18	0.04	0.66	4.05	0.16	0.12
Pain intensity	0.47	0.39	0.000***	0.78	0.10	0.34
Pain chronicity	−0.28	−0.17	0.11	−0.24	−0.02	0.83
Disability	−0.01	−0.06	0.53	0.29	0.29	0.006**
Psychological variables
Depression	−0.02	−0.12	0.26	0.05	0.03	0.72
Pain acceptance	0.03	0.16	0.12	0.02	0.02	0.83
Pain catastrophizing	−0.006	−0.01	0.88	0.32	0.12	0.24
Posttreatment changes
Pain-related variables
Change in pain intensity (T0–T1)	0.65	0.59	0.000***	1.65	0.24	0.03*
Change in disability (T0–T1)	0.007	0.03	0.74	0.49	0.44	0.000***
Psychological variables
Change in pain acceptance (T0–T1)	−0.006	−0.01	0.87	−0.20	−0.11	0.34
Change in pain catastrophizing (T0–T1)	0.04	0.11	0.32	0.36	0.14	0.24
Change in depression (T0–T1)	−0.01	−0.07	0.52	0.20	0.26	0.03
Follow-up changes
Pain-related variables
Change in pain intensity (T0–T2)	–	–	–	2.61	0.47	0.000***
Change in disability (T0–T2)	0.08	0.47	0.000***	–	–	–
Psychological variables
Change in pain acceptance (T0–T2)	−0.10	−0.43	0.000***	−0.79	−0.59	0.000***
Change in pain catastrophizing (T0–T2)	0.17	0.41	0.000***	1.30	0.54	0.000***
Change in depression (T0–T2)	0.11	0.40	0.000***	0.79	0.51	0.000***

Notes:

*** P<0.001;

** P<0.01;

* P<0.05.

Table 4 Change in pain intensity from pretreatment to 3-month follow-up: hierarchical regression analyses

Regression model	Predictors	R^Citation2	B	SEB	β	P
Criterion
	Model 1	0.24
	Sex		0.48	0.53	0.11	0.36
	Pain history (years)		−0.02	0.03	−0.10	0.45
	Pain intensity		0.48	0.15	0.44	0.003**
	Pain chronicity		−0.14	0.23	−0.09	0.54
	Pain acceptance		0.05	0.02	0.28	0.08
Change in pain intensity (T0–T2)	Model 2	0.35
	Sex		0.01	0.52	0.004	0.97
	Pain history (years)		−0.03	0.03	−0.11	0.36
	Pain intensity		0.25	0.16	0.22	0.14
	Pain chronicity		−0.02	0.21	−0.01	0.90
	Pain acceptance		0.04	0.02	0.23	0.12
	Change in pain intensity (T0–T1)		0.49	0.17	0.41	0.008**
	Model 3	0.61
	Sex		−0.04	0.43	−0.10	0.31
	Pain history (years)		−0.003	0.02	−0.01	0.90
	Pain intensity		0.24	0.15	0.22	0.15
	Pain chronicity		−0.08	0.18	−0.05	0.64
	Pain acceptance		0.07	0.02	0.41	0.002**
	Change in pain intensity (T0–T1)		0.21	0.15	0.18	0.16
	Change in pain acceptance (T0–T2)		0.08	0.03	0.34	0.01*
	Change in pain catastrophizing (T0–T2)		0.12	0.05	0.31	0.01*
	Change in depression (T0–T2)		0.01	0.03	0.04	0.75

Notes:

** P<0.01;

* P<0.05.

Abbreviation: SEB, the standard error for the unstandardized beta.

Table 5 Change in disability from pretreatment to 3-month follow-up: hierarchical regression analyses

Regression model	Predictors	R^Citation2	B	SEB	β	P
Criterion
	Model 1	0.28
	Sex		6.0	3.2	0.24	0.07
	Marital status		−1.42	1.52	−0.12	0.35
	Pain history (years)		−0.46	0.20	−0.29	0.03*
	Frequency of pain		−0.57	2.95	−0.02	0.84
	Disability		0.27	0.10	0.34	0.01*
	Model 2	0.33
	Sex		3.05	3.68	0.12	0.41
	Marital status		−1.18	1.52	−0.10	0.44
	Pain history (years)		−0.35	0.21	−0.23	0.10
Change in disability (T0–T2)	Frequency of pain		0.11	2.95	0.005	0.97
	Disability		0.17	0.12	0.20	0.19
	Change in pain intensity (T0–T1)		1.03	0.94	0.15	0.28
	Change in disability (T0–T1)		0.26	0.17	0.27	0.13
	Model 3	0.74
	Sex		3.05	3.68	0.12	0.41
	Marital status		−1.18	1.52	−0.10	0.44
	Pain history (years)		−0.35	0.21	−0.23	0.10
	Frequency of pain		0.11	2.95	0.005	0.97
	Disability		0.17	0.12	0.20	0.19
	Change in pain intensity (T0–T1)		1.03	0.94	0.15	0.28
	Change in disability (T0–T1)		0.26	0.17	0.27	0.13
	Change in depression (T0–T1)		0.48	0.15	0.35	0.004**
	Change in pain acceptance (T0–T2)		0.44	0.15	0.31	0.007**
	Change in pain catastrophizing (T0–T2)		0.60	0.25	0.26	0.02*
	Change in depression (T0–T2)		0.51	0.20	0.35	0.01*

Notes:

** P<0.01;

* P<0.05.

FreynhagenRBaronRGockelUTölleTRpainDETECT: a new screening questionnaire to identify neuropathic components in patients with back painCurr Med Res Opin200622101911192017022849

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