Brain Functional Alternations of the Pain-related Emotional and Cognitive Regions in Patients with Chronic Shoulder Pain

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of CSP Patients and Healthy Controls

Parameter	CSP Patients	Healthy Controls	P-value
Age(year)	53.65±5.45	55.83±4.72	0.113
Sex
Male	20	10	0.344
Female	17	14
Pain duration(month)	6.38±6.05	N/A
Pain degree (VAS)	66.35±13.32	N/A
Shoulder function (CMS)	53.24±13.84	N/A

Note: Data are mean ± standard deviation for age, pain duration, pain degree and shoulder function.

Abbreviation: N/A, not applicable.

Table 2 Brain Regions Showing ReHo and Seed-Based Functional Connectivity Differences Between Two Groups

Brain Regions	Side	MNI Coordinates			Cluster Size	Peak t value
		x	y	z	(mm3)
ReHo differences, CSP patient<healthy controls
Orbitofrontal Cortex	Right	6	60	−12	150	−5.97
ReHo differences, CSP patient>healthy controls
Middle Temporal Gyrus	Left	−51	−57	12	85	4.73
Seed-based functional connectivity: the right OFC, CSP patients<healthy controls
Rectus	Right	9	12	−12	327	−5.30
Superior Frontal Gyrus	Right

Figure 1 Medial views and axial medial views of significant changes in ReHo between chronic shoulder pain (CSP) group and healthy controls (HC) group. The hot color indicates that chronic shoulder pain (CSP) group had increased ReHo compared with healthy controls (HC) group. The cool color indicates that chronic shoulder pain (CSP) group had decreased ReHo compared with healthy controls (HC) group. Gaussian Random Field theory correction (GRF) correction with significant voxel level p<0.01 and cluster level p<0.05, Two-Tailed.

Figure 2 Group differences in seed-based functional connectivity. The seed was defined as the right orbitofrontal cortex. The cool color indicated decreased functional connectivity in the chronic shoulder pain (CSP) group compared with healthy controls (HC) group. Gaussian Random Field theory correction (GRF) correction with significant voxel level p<0.01 and cluster level p<0.05, Two-Tailed.