Are Opioids Needed to Treat Chronic Low Back Pain? A Review of Treatment Options and Analgesics in Development

Jeffrey Gudin1 Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA;2 Department of Anesthesiology, Englewood Hospital and Medical Center, Englewood, NJ, USACorrespondence[email protected]

Andrew G Kaufman1 Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA

Samyadev Datta1 Department of Anesthesiology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA;3 Center for Pain Management, Hackensack, NJ, USA

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2552-6124

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Table 1 ACP Grading of Nonpharmacologic Modalities for CLBP (Adapted from Chou et al)^Citation23

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Figure 1 Efficacy of opioid versus placebo in chronic pain: Responder rates in a meta-analysis of enriched enrollment-randomized controlled trials [Figure adapted from Meske et al (2018)].^Citation67

Table 2 ACP Grading of Pharmacologic Therapies versus Placebo for CLBP^Citation32

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Table 3 Opioid-Like Molecules of the Future

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Are Opioids Needed to Treat Chronic Low Back Pain? A Review of Treatment Options and Analgesics in Development

Table 1 ACP Grading of Nonpharmacologic Modalities for CLBP (Adapted from Chou et al)^Citation23

Table 2 ACP Grading of Pharmacologic Therapies versus Placebo for CLBP^Citation32

Table 3 Opioid-Like Molecules of the Future

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Are Opioids Needed to Treat Chronic Low Back Pain? A Review of Treatment Options and Analgesics in Development

Figures & data

Table 1 ACP Grading of Nonpharmacologic Modalities for CLBP (Adapted from Chou et al)Citation23

Table 2 ACP Grading of Pharmacologic Therapies versus Placebo for CLBPCitation32

Table 3 Opioid-Like Molecules of the Future

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Table 1 ACP Grading of Nonpharmacologic Modalities for CLBP (Adapted from Chou et al)^Citation23

Table 2 ACP Grading of Pharmacologic Therapies versus Placebo for CLBP^Citation32