The Impact of Self-Reported Recurrent Headache on Absenteeism and Presenteeism at Work Among Finnish Municipal Female Employees

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of Study Subjects According to Categories of Self-Reported Headache Recurrence

	Self-Reported Recurrence of Headache			P-value for Linearity
	No (N=138)	Occasional (N=278)	Recurrent (N=178)
Sociodemographic factors
Age, years, mean (SD)	51 (9)	49 (10)	47 (10)	<0.001
Education years, mean (SD)	13.6 (2.2)	13.8 (2.1)	13.8 (2.1)	0.46
Financial satisfaction, n (%)	105 (76)	203 (73)	125 (70)	0.24
Cohabiting, n (%)	109 (79)	224 (81)	146 (82)	0.50
Lifestyle factors
Smoking, n (%)	14 (10)	23 (8)	16 (9)	0.77
AUDIT-C, mean (SD)	3.1 (1.5)	2.8 (1.5)	2.5 (1.6)	<0.001
Good quality of sleep, n (%)	111 (80)	212 (76)	132 (74)	0.20
Leisure time physical activity, n (%)				0.44
Low	25 (18)	56 (20)	39 (22)
Moderate	64 (46)	120 (43)	80 (45)
High	49 (36)	102 (37)	59 (33)
Health-related factors
Quality-of-life (EQ-5D), mean (SD)	0.90 (0.12)	0.88 (0.12)	0.81 (0.17)	<0.001
Depressive symptoms (MDI), mean (SD)	4.1 (5.8)	5.1 (5.8)	6.1 (5.4)	0.001
BMI, kg/m^2, mean (SD)	26.2 (4.3)	26.6 (4.8)	27.2 (5.4)	0.002
Number of chronic illnesses, mean (SD)	1.1 (1.1)	1.0 (1.1)	1.3 (1.4)	0.079
Musculoskeletal	28 (20)	55 (20)	43 (24)	0.37
Cardiovascular	32 (23)	47 (17)	34 (19)	0.42
Mental	3 (2)	11 (4)	10 (6)	0.12
Pulmonary	9 (7)	22 (8)	16 (9)	0.42
Gastroenterological	10 (7)	21 (8)	18 (10)	0.33
Neurological	4 (3)	9 (3)	4 (2)	0.70
Diabetes	10 (7)	6 (2)	6 (3)	0.10
Malignancy	2 (1)	3 (4)	5 (3)	0.56
Work-related factors
Work engagement (UWES-9 score), mean (SD)	5.0 (0.9)	4.8 (1.0)	4.8 (0.9)	0.038
Work ability score, NRS, mean (SD)	8.6 (1.3)	8.5 (1.1)	8.1 (1.3)	<0.001
Physical workload, mm, mean (SD)	33 (28)	27 (26)	30 (27)	0.54
Mental workload, mm, mean (SD)	59 (21)	57 (22)	63 (22)	0.042
Work stress (BBI-15), mean (SD)	29 (11)	32 (10)	33 (11)	<0.001
Daytime work, n (%)	94 (68)	201 (72)	132 (74)	0.25

Abbreviations: AUDIT-C, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; EQ-5D, quality-of-life; MDI, Major Depression Inventory; BMI, body mass index; UWES-9, Utrecht Work Engagement Index; BBI, Bergen Burnout Indicator.

Table 2 The Mean Number of Absenteeism Days during Years 2014–2015, and the Mean Level of Presenteeism (VAS 0–100) According to the Self-Reported Headache Recurrence Categories

Headache Recurrence	Absenteeism Days		Presenteeism, VAS
	Mean (95% CI)	Ratio (95% CI)	Mean (95% CI)
Model I
No	19.3 (14.1–24.6)	1 (Reference)	10.7 (7.2–14.1)
Occasional	19.0 (15.4–22.6)	0.98 (0.70–1.37)	13.3 (10.8–15.7)
Recurrent	27.3 (20.7–33.8)	1.41 (0.98–2.02)	21.6 (18.6–24.6)
	P for linearity =0.047		P for linearity <0.001
Model II
No	18.1 (13.3–22.9)	1 (Reference)	10.7 (7.3–14.1)
Occasional	17.2 (14.0–20.3)	0.94 (0.69–1.31)	13.3 (10.9–15.7)
Recurrent	25.5 (19.6–31.5)	1.41 (0.99–2.00)	21.3 (18.3–24.3)
	P for linearity =0.039		P for linearity <0.001
Model III
No	18.3 (13.3–23.2)	1 (Reference)	10.4 (7.0–13.9)
Occasional	17.2 (14.0–20.4)	0.94 (0.68–1.31)	13.4 (11.0–15.8)
Recurrent	24.9 (18.9–30.8)	1.36 (0.94–2.97)	21.5 (18.5–24.6)
	P for linearity =0.076		P for linearity <0.001
Model IV
No	16.1 (12.0–20.3)	1 (Reference)	12.2 (9.0–15.4)
Occasional	17.0 (13.9–20.0)	1.05 (0.77–1.44)	13.4 (11.1–15.6)
Recurrent	21.7 (16.7–26.7)	1.35 (0.94–1.92)	19.7 (16.8–22.5)
	P for linearity =0.089		P for linearity <0.001

Notes: Model I crude; Model II adjusted for age, BMI, and education years; Model III adjusted model II+ smoking, AUDIT-C, and LTPA; Model IV adjusted model III+ MDI, BBI, daytime work, and number of chronic illnesses.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; AUDIT-C, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; LTPA, leisure time physical activity; MDI, Major Depression Inventory; BBI, Bergen Burnout Indicator.

Figure 1 The mean number of absenteeism days during years 2014–2015 and the level of presenteeism (VAS 0–100) by HIT-6 categories in the self-reported occasional and recurrent headache groups. Error bars are for 95% confidence intervals. Dashed lines indicate mean values of absenteeism days and presenteeism in the whole study population. Data was adjusted using model IV (adjusted for age, BMI, education years, smoking, AUDIT-C score, LTPA, MDI score, BBI score, daytime work, and number of chronic illnesses).

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; AUDIT-C, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; LTPA, leisure time physical activity; MDI, Major Depression Inventory; BBI, Bergen Burnout Indicator.