Diagnosis and Treatment of Five Pain-Related Conditions in Urban China: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional National Health and Wellness Survey

Figures & data

Figure 1 Diagnosis rates across pain types.

Table 1 Health Characteristics for Diagnosed and Undiagnosed Respondents Across Pain Types

	Headache			Cancer-Associated Pain			Musculoskeletal Pain			Neuropathic Pain			Fibromyalgia
	Diagnosed	Undiagnosed	p-value	Diagnosed	Undiagnosed	p-value	Diagnosed	Undiagnosed	p-value	Diagnosed	Undiagnosed	p-value	Diagnosed	Undiagnosed	p-value
Sex, n (%)
Male	322 (46.1)	300 (46.8)	0.806	7 (43.8)	8 (24.2)	0.165	641 (44.2)	395 (42.8)	0.499	174 (38.4)	188 (42.5)	0.209	39 (32.0)	133 (32.2)	0.961
Female	376 (53.9)	341 (53.2)		9 (56.3)	25 (75.8)		809 (55.8)	528 (57.2)		279 (61.6)	254 (57.5)		83 (68.0)	280 (67.8)
Age (years), mean (SD)	40.2 (13.6)	36.6 (12.5)	<0.000	50.7 (18.4)	41.0 (17.2)	0.076	44.9 (14.1)	41.3 (14.4)	<0.000	47.7 (13.8)	45.7 (15.4)	0.037	44.5 (15.3)	41.9 (15.8)	0.110
CCI, mean (SD)	0.7 (1.3)	0.6 (1.3)	0.014	2.8 (4.2)	1.0 (1.1)	0.026	0.8 (1.3)	0.4 (1.0)	<0.000	0.9 (1.8)	0.9 (1.4)	0.819	1.6 (2.5)	0.9 (1.8)	0.001
Pain severity, n (%)
Mild	381 (54.6)	504 (78.6)	<0.000	8 (50.0)	20 (60.6)	0.325	808 (55.7)	658 (71.3)	<0.000	213 (47.0)	317 (71.7)	<0.000	75 (61.5)	305 (73.9)	0.023
Moderate	255 (36.5)	126 (19.7)		7 (43.8)	8 (24.2)		568 (39.2)	246 (26.7)		206 (45.5)	109 (24.7)		40 (32.8)	96 (23.2)
Severe	62 (8.9)	11 (1.7)		1 (6.3)	5 (15.2)		74 (5.1)	19 (2.1)		34 (7.5)	16 (3.6)		7 (5.7)	12 (2.9)
Asian BMI, n (%)
Underweight	3 (0.4)	3 (0.5)	0.766	0 (0.0)	2 (6.1)	0.507	6 (0.4)	8 (0.9)	0.002	7 (1.6)	8 (1.8)	<0.000	1 (0.8)	8 (1.9)	0.909
Normal weight	60 (8.6)	59 (9.3)		2 (12.5)	2 (6.1)		136 (9.4)	59 (6.4)		36 (8.0)	30 (6.8)		10 (8.2)	38 (9.2)
Pre-obese	123 (17.6)	95 (14.9)		0 (0.0)	3 (9.1)		331 (22.9)	174 (18.9)		110 (24.3)	70 (15.9)		28 (23.0)	86 (20.8)
Obese	448 (64.2)	420 (66.0)		11 (68.8)	22 (66.7)		881 (61.1)	608 (66.0)		282 (62.4)	291 (66.6)		73 (59.8)	247 (59.8)
Decline to answer	64 (9.2)	59 (9.3)		3 (18.8)	4 (12.1)		89 (6.2)	72 (7.8)		17 (3.8)	42 (9.5)		10 (8.2)	34 (8.2)
Alcohol use, n (%)	570 (81.7)	511 (79.7)	0.368	11 (68.8)	32 (97.0)	0.005	1094 (75.5)	665 (72.1)	0.065	339 (74.8)	336 (76.0)	0.681	101 (82.8)	349 (84.5)	0.649
Exercises, n (%)	473 (67.8)	400 (62.4)	0.040	10 (62.5)	31 (93.9)	0.005	908 (62.6)	522 (56.6)	0.003	261 (57.6)	302 (68.3)	0.001	87 (71.3)	299 (72.4)	0.814

Note: P values were derived from independent samples t-tests for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; n, number of respondents; SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Social Characteristicsfor Diagnosed and Undiagnosed Respondents Across Pain Types

	Headache			Cancer-Associated Pain			Musculoskeletal Pain			Neuropathic Pain			Fibromyalgia
	Diagnosed	Undiagnosed	p-value	Diagnosed	Undiagnosed	p-value	Diagnosed	Undiagnosed	p-value	Diagnosed	Undiagnosed	p-value	Diagnosed	Undiagnosed	p-value
Marital status^a, n (%)
Married/Living with partner	566 (81.1)	452 (70.5)	<0.000	13 (81.3)	21 (63.6)	0.210	1258 (86.8)	681 (73.8)	<0.000	392 (86.5)	364 (82.4)	0.084	101 (82.8)	314 (76.0)	0.116
Single/Divorced/Separated/Widowed	132 (18.9)	188 (29.3)		3 (18.8)	12 (36.4)		191 (13.2)	242 (26.2)		61 (13.5)	78 (17.7)		21 (17.2)	99 (24.0)
Employed, n (%)	580 (83.1)	522 (81.4)	0.427	9 (56.3)	25 (75.8)	0.165	1086 (74.9)	724 (78.4)	0.048	326 (72.0)	315 (71.3)	0.817	91 (74.6)	318 (77.0)	0.582
Education^a, n (%)
Less than university degree	246 (35.2)	223 (34.8)	0.620	9 (56.3)	12 (36.4)	0.362	607 (41.9)	382 (41.4)	0.512	207 (45.7)	194 (43.9)	0.525	49 (40.2)	164 (39.7)	0.928
University education	451 (64.6)	418 (65.2)		7 (43.8)	20 (60.6)		841 (58.0)	541 (58.6)		246 (54.3)	247 (55.9)		73 (59.8)	249 (60.3)
Medical insurance, n (%)
Other/None	25 (3.6)	39 (6.1)	0.018	2 (12.5)	1 (3.0)	0.441	59 (4.1)	50 (5.4)	0.079	12 (2.7)	27 (6.1)	<0.000	2 (1.6)	14 (3.4)	0.686
Commercial	44 (6.3)	42 (6.6)		0 (0.0)	2 (6.1)		82 (5.7)	72 (7.8)		26 (5.7)	18 (4.1)		7 (5.7)	27 (6.5)
New rural cooperation	97 (13.9)	59 (9.2)		2 (12.5)	7 (21.2)		136 (9.4)	90 (9.8)		46 (10.2)	63 (14.3)		26 (21.3)	70 (17.0)
Urban resident	165 (23.6)	141 (22.0)		9 (56.3)	14 (42.4)		336 (23.2)	219 (23.7)		100 (22.1)	128 (29.0)		35 (28.7)	129 (31.2)
Urban employee	367 (52.6)	360 (56.2)		3 (18.8)	9 (27.3)		83 7 (57.7)	492 (53.3)		269 (59.4)	206 (46.6)		52 (42.6)	173 (41.9)

Notes: ^aFor these questions <2 respondents per pain type declined to answer. P values were derived from independent samples t-tests for continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables.

Abbreviations: n, number of respondents; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 2 Treatment rates among diagnosed respondents across pain types.

Figure 3 Satisfaction rates of medication (OTC and/or prescription) among diagnosed respondents, across pain types.