Prevalence of Pain and Its Risk Factors Among ICU Personnel in Tertiary Hospital in China: A Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of Medical Staff in the Intensive Care Unit

	Nurses	Doctors	P value*	Workers	P value**
Total number of subjects	252	87		17
Age (years)	29.5±5.1	33.8±5.9	<0.001	44.3±6.0	<0.001
Sex
Male	50 (19.8%)	39 (44.8%)	<0.001	4 (23.5%)	0.956
Female	202 (80.2%)	48 (55.2%)		13 (76.5%)
BMI
<18.5 (Underweight)	25 (9.9%)	5 (5.7%)	0.014	0 (0%)	0.152
18.5–23.9 (Normal weight)	190 (75.4%)	55 (63.2%)		11 (64.7%)
24.0–27.9 (Overweight)	30 (11.9%)	25 (28.7%)		3 (17.6%)
≥28.0 (Obesity)	7 (2.8%)	2 (2.3%)		3 (17.6%)
Marital status
Never married	107 (42.5%)	21 (24.1%)	0.002	0 (0%)	0.001
Married	145 (57.5%)	66 (75.9%)		17 (100%)
Smoking
Never smoked	245 (95.6%)	83 (95.4%)	1.000	16 (94.1%)	1.000
Smoker	11 (4.4%)	4 (4.6%)		1 (5.9%)
Work experience as an ICU personnel (years)
<1 year	55 (21.8%)	23 (26.4%)	0.810	2 (11.8%)	0.868
≥1 and <5 years	56 (22.2%)	12 (13.8%)		6 (35.3%)
≥5 and <10 years	73 (29.0%)	31 (35.6%)		6 (35.3%)
≥10 years	68 (27.0%)	21 (24.1%)		3 (17.6%)
Whether takes shift work?
Yes (Shift work)	225 (89.3%)	74 (85.1%)	0.292	14 (82.4%)	0.631
No (Day work)	27 (10.7%)	13 (14.9%)		3 (17.6%)
Forms of work
Day work	26 (10.3%)	13 (14.9%)	<0.001	3 (17.6%)	0.323
Night shift ≤4 times a month	25 (9.9%)	17 (19.5%)		2 (11.8%)
Night shift 5–10 times a month	132 (52.4%)	54 (62.1%)		3 (17.6%)
Night shift >10 times a month	69 (27.4%)	3 (3.4%)		9 (52.9.%)
Ergonomic factors
Walking for long periods of time (Yes)	235 (93.3%)	59 (67.8%)	<0.001	15 (88.2%)	0.770
Frequent bending of the trunk (Yes)	231 (91.7%)	53 (60.9%)	<0.001	14 (82.4%)	0.387
Heavy or awkward lifting (Yes)	198 (78.6%)	26 (29.9%)	<0.001	16 (94.1%)	0.220
Bending or twisting of the neck (Yes)	206 (81.7%)	47 (54.0%)	<0.001	14 (82.4%)	1.000

Notes: *P value between ICU nurses and doctors. **P value between ICU nurses and workers.

Table 2 Pain Characteristics of Medical Staff in the Intensive Care Unit

	Nurses	Doctors	P value*	Workers	P value**
Total number of subjects	252	87		17
Number of respondents with pain	182 (72.2%)	56 (64.4%)	0.167	9 (52.9%)	0.156
Type of pain
Acute pain	39 (21.4%)	8 (14.3%)	0.240	0 (0.0%)	0.208
Chronic pain	143 (78.6%)	48 (85.7%)		100 (100.0%)
Location of pain
Low back	166 (65.9%)	38 (43.7%)	0.001	8 (47.1%)	0.116
Neck	105 (41.7%)	43 (49.4%)	0.208	5 (29.4%)	0.320
Chest	14 (4.6%)	3 (3.4%)	0.437	0 (0.0%)	0.664
Upper back	63 (25%)	21 (24.1%)	0.872	0 (0.0%)	0.039
Shoulder	95 (37.7%)	21 (24.1%)	0.022	5 (29.4%)	0.494
Lower limbs	102 (40.5%)	15 (17.2%)	<0.001	3 (17.6%)	0.062
Upper limbs	22 (8.7%)	6 (6.9%)	0.592	1 (5.9%)	1.000
Head	39 (15.5%)	11 (12.6%)	0.521	2 (11.8%)	0.940
Abdomen	11 (4.4%)	3 (3.4%)	0.711	0 (0.0%)	0.810
Other location	29 (11.5%)	9 (10.3%)	0.767	0 (0.0%)	0.282
Severity of pain
Mild	117 (46.4%)	22 (25.3%)	0.004	3 (17.6%)	0.020
Moderate	57 (22.6%)	29 (33.3%)		5 (29.4%)
Severe	8 (3.2%)	5 (5.7%)		1 (5.9%)
Number of respondents with satisfactory pain control	67 (36.8%)	20 (35.7%)	0.881	2 (22.2%)	0.593
Number of respondents who have used analgesic measures	80 (44.0%)	23 (41.1%)	0.703	6 (66.7%)	0.320

Notes: *P value between ICU nurses and doctors. **P value between ICU nurses and workers.

Table 3 DASS-21 Subscale Scores of Medical Staff in the Intensive Care Unit

	Pain	No Pain	P value
Total number of subjects	247	109
Depression
Normal	97 (39.3%)	72 (66.1%)	<0.001
Mild	46 (18.6%)	21 (19.3%)
Moderate	85 (34.4%)	14 (12.8%)
Severe	19 (17.7%)	2 (1.8%)
Anxiety
Normal	52 (21.1%)	54 (49.5%)	<0.001
Mild	14 (5.7%)	5 (4.6%)
Moderate	100 (40.5%)	34 (31.2%)
Severe	36 (14.6%)	8 (8.3%)
Very severe	45 (18.2%)	7 (6.4%)
Stress
Normal	209 (84.6%)	105 (96.3%)	0.002
Mild	11 (4.5%)	2 (1.8%)
Moderate	17 (6.9%)	0 (0.0%)
Severe	10 (4.0%)	2 (1.8%)

Table 4 Univariate and Multivariate Logistic Regression Analyses of Pain Risk Factors Among ICU Personnel

	Univariate			Multivariate
Factors	OR	95% CI	P value	OR	95% CI	P value
Age	1.032	0.994–1.071	0.097	1.023	0.938–1.115	0.609
Sex (1=Male, 0=Female)	0.390	0.238–0.638	<0.001	0.452	0.240–0.853	0.014*
BMI
<18.5 (Underweight)	1			1
18.5–23.9 (Normal weight)	2.710	1.259–5.836	0.011	4.610	1.825–11.644	0.001*
24.0–27.9 (Overweight)	2.053	0.833–5.057	0.118	4.296	1.365–13.518	0.013*
≥28.0 (Obesity)	1.000	0.262–3.815	1.000	2.273	0.431–11.981	0.333
Married (1=Married, 0=Never married)	1.941	1.222–3.083	0.005	1.550	0.711–3.380	0.271
Smoking (1=Yes, 0=No)	1.963	0.548–7.033	0.300
Profession
Nurses	1			1
Doctors	0.695	0.414–1.167	0.168	0.758	0.340–1.688	0.497
Workers	0.433	0.161–1.166	0.098	0.472	0.082–2.708	0.399
Work experience
≤1 year	1			1
≥1 and <5 years	1.354	0.709–2.587	0.359	0.866	0.386–2.041	0.742
≥5 and <10 years	2.172	1.178–4.008	0.013	1.805	0.685–4.756	0.232
≥10 years	3.198	1.622–6.302	0.001	1.888	0.534–6.678	0.324
Whether takes shift work? (1=Yes, 0=No)	0.754	0.363–1.558	0.446
Forms of work
Day work	1
Night shift ≤4 times a month	0.686	0.271–1.736	0.426
Night shift =5–10 times a month	0.693	0.327–1.469	0.339
Night shift >10 times a month	1.158	0.491–2.733	0.738
Ergonomic factors
Walking for long periods of time (1=Yes, 0=No)	1.831	0.977–3.433	0.059	1.272	0.497–3.256	0.671
Frequent bending of the trunk (1=Yes, 0=No)	2.105	1.183–3.745	0.011	0.868	0.327–2.305	0.777
Heavy or awkward lifting (1=Yes, 0=No)	2.071	1.295–3.314	0.002	1.381	0.656–2.909	0.396
Bending or twisting of the neck (1=yes, 0=no)	2.500	1.517–4.119	<0.001	4.068	1.891–8.751	<0.001*
Psychosocial factors
Psychological fatigue
Low	1			1
Medium	4.273	1.913–9.544	<0.001	3.427	1.276–9.206	0.015 *
High	4.972	2.142–11.536	<0.001	3.023	1.079–8.475	0.035 *
Job satisfaction
Low	1			1
Medium	0.584	0.213–1.602	0.296	1.244	0.378–4.093	0.719
High	0.283	0.099–0.809	0.018	0.657	0.182–2.369	0.521
Health condition
Very bad	1			1
Generally bad	0.326	0.121–0.876	0.026	0.293	0.093–0.923	0.036*
Generally good	0.160	0.059–0.431	<0.001	0.171	0.050–0.580	0.005*
Very good	0.061	0.018–0.210	<0.001	0.046	0.010–0.211	<0.001*

Note: *P < 0.05 indicated a statistically significant difference.