Risk Factors for Acute Postsurgical Pain: A Narrative Review

Figures & data

Table 1 Risk Factors for Acute Postsurgical Pain

	Variables	References with Predictive Power	References Without Predictive Power
Demographic characteristics	Age	21–37	38–42
	Gender	30,44–51	24,26,40,42,52
	Obesity	29,30,38,45,49,54–56	22,35,39,42,57–60
	Smoking	29,51,62,63	30,38,64–68
Perioperative factors	Preoperative pain history	23,26,27,29–32,37,51,59,68–71	None
	Pain sensitivity	22,45,52,72–77	64,68
	Types of surgery	27,51,79–81	25
	Surgical approaches	22,38,56,62,63,69,72	None
	Analgesic consumption	21,42,66,87	None
Psychological factors	Anxiety	22,23,35,59,67–69,88–92	42,64,76,94
	Depression	31,38,59,23	39,42,60,87,95
	Pain catastrophizing	34,39,46,60,67,68,75,76,94,96,97	26,45,52
	Expected pain	25,64,67,76,96	None
	Surgical fear	25,26,96	32,76
Genetic factors	μ-opioid receptors gene	102,103	87,104,105
	Catechol-O-methyl transferase	None	87,105

Figure 1 Flowchart of study selection.

Figure 2 Risk factors for acute postsurgical pain.