Effect of a perspective-taking intervention on the consideration of pain assessment and treatment decisions

Figures & data

Figure 1 Study procedure.

Abbreviations: GRAPE, Gender, Race, and Age Pain Expectations questionnaires; VH, virtual human.

Figure 2 Still frame of a VH patient displaying high pain.

Abbreviation: VH, virtual human.

Table 1 Patient demographics

	N	% of total
Sex
Female	58	60
Male	38	40
Race
Asian	16	17
Black or African–American	13	13
White or Caucasian	62	65
Other	5	5
Ethnicity
Hispanic	27	28
Not Hispanic	69	72
Marital status
Single	92	96
Married	3	3
Divorced	1	1
Education
Less than high school	1	1
High school/GED	12	13
Partial completion of college	66	69
Completion of college	9	9
Partial completion of graduate school	8	8
Study area
Business	10	10
Health care	30	31
Liberal Arts	5	5
Science	35	37
Other	14	15
Missing or N/A	2	2
Intervention group
Control	49	51
Perspective-taking	47	49

Abbreviations: GED, General Educational Development; N/A, not applicable.

Table 2 Pain assessment and treatment decisions of for VH patients

Decisions	Main effect/interaction	Mean (SE)	F	Partial η^Citation2
Pain assessment
Pain intensity	Time		22.16**	0.19
	Preintervention	40.11 (1.73)
	Postintervention	45.12 (1.73)
	Group		0.02	0.00
	Perspective-taking	42.40 (2.31)
	Control	42.83 (2.36)
	Sex		0.01	0.00
	Female	42.64 (39.29)
	Male	42.59 (1.66)
	Race		0.90	0.01
	White	42.40 (1.66)
	Black	42.83 (1.67)
	Age		34.10**	0.27
	Young	40.75 (1.62)
	Old	44.48 (1.74)
Two-way interaction	Group × time		0.88	0.01
	Control preintervention	39.40 (2.42)
	Control postintervention	45.40 (2.43)
	Perspective-taking preintervention	40.83 (2.37)
	Postintervention perspective-taking	44.84 (2.48)
	Sex × race		0.05	0.00
	Female Caucasian	42.47 (1.72)
	Female black	42.81 (1.70)
	Male Caucasian	43.06 (1.74)
	Male black	47.17 (1.8)
	Sex × age		0.00	0.00
	Female young	40.77 (1.66)
	Female old	44.51 (1.80)
	Male young	40.74 (1.64)
	Male old	44.44 (1.73)
	Race × age		3.95**	0.04
	White young	40.83 (1.61)
	White old	43.96 (1.78)
	Black young	40.67 (1.67)
	Black old	44.99 (1.74)
Pain treatment
Administer opioid analgesics	Time		17.96**	0.16
	Preintervention	32.00 (2.13)
	Postintervention	35.83 (2.20)
	Group		0.78	0.01
	Perspective-taking	32.59 (2.99)
	Control	36.26 (2.93)
	Sex		0.18	0.00
	Female	34.29 (2.12)
	Male	34.53 (2.10)
	Race		0.09	0.00
	White	34.35 (2.09)
	Black	34.48 (2.12)
	Age		28.93**	0.24
	Young	32.45 (2.13)
	Old	36.38 (2.11)
Two-way interaction	Group × time		0.36	0.00
	Control preintervention	33.50 (2.99)
	Control postintervention	39.01 (3.08)
	Perspective-taking preintervention	30.49 (3.05)
	Perspective-taking postintervention	34.64 (3.14)
	Sex × race		0.16	0.00
	Female Caucasian	34.14 (2.14)
	Female black	34.44 (2.15)
	Male Caucasian	34.55 (2.10)
	Male black	34.52 (2.14)
	Sex × age		0.17	0.00
	Female young	32.40 (2.18)
	Female old	36.19 (2.15)
	Male young	32.49 (2.14)
	Male old	36.57 (2.14)
	Race × age		1.14	0.01
	White young	32.56 (2.12)
	White old	36.13 (2.15)
	Black young	32.33 (2.18)
	Black old	36.63 (2.12)

Notes: Degrees of freedom were 1, 94 for all main effects and interactions.

** P<0.01.

Abbreviations: SE, standard error; VH, virtual human.

Table 3 Cue use across group at pre- and postintervention

	Preintervention			Postintervention
	Control group		Perspective-taking group	Control group	Perspective-taking group
Pain intensity
Sex	3		3	10	4
Race	2		3	6	2
Age	8		5	9	9
Willingness to administer opioids
Sex	3	3		8	5
Race	1	1		5	1
Age	7	8		10	11

FillingimRBKingCDRibeiro-DasilvaMCRahim-WilliamsBRileyJLSex, gender, and pain: a review of recent clinical and experimental findingsJ Pain200910544748519411059

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