Applications of yoga in Parkinson's disease: a systematic literature review

Figures & data

Figure 1 Flow diagram of included and excluded studies, according to the PRISMA statement.

Abbreviations: PD, Parkinson’s disease; PRISMA, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses.

Table 1 Literature search study characteristics

	N (F)	Age, years	PD dur, years	Yoga style	Design	Duration, min	Freq/week	Length, weeks	All outcomes measured	Significant improvements following yoga	DB/20
Colgrove et al^Citation21	13 (7)	68.1	3.56	Iyengar	RCT	60	2	12	UPDRS, BBS, ROM, maximum isometric force, posture, gait	UPDRS, BBS, ROM, maximum isometric force	16.5
Boulgarides et al^Citation24	10 (3)	65	n/a	Ananda, restorative hatha	Prepost	60	1	10	UPDRS, HADS, DGI, BBS, FRT, chair stand	HADS, FRT, chair stand	13
Lee^Citation25	17 (7)	72	n/a	Iyengar	Prepost	60	2	10	Gait speed, SPPB, BBS, FES	Gait speed SPPB, BBS, FES	12.5
Scott et al^Citation26	9 (2)	67.8	4.67	Hatha	Prepost	75	2	12	BBS, FRT, tandemstance, single-leg stance, gait, chair stand, GDS, FOF, PDQ-39	FRT, chair stand, GDS	9.5
Hall et al^Citation27	1 (1)	69	8	Hatha	Case	60		8	ROM, BBS, TUG, PDQ-39	TUG BBS	9
Taylor^Citation23	1 (1)	59	10	Hatha	Case	n/a	2	3	Breath, vocal, face, gait, rest	Breath, vocal, face, gait, rest	8
Moriello et al^Citation22	1 (0)	57	2	Hatha	Case	90		24	PDQ-39, HiMAT, flexibility, strength, posture, LOS	PDQ-39, HiMAT, flexibility, strength	8

Abbreviations: BBS, Berg Balance Scale; DB, Downs and Black Checklist; DGI, Dynamic Gait Index; dur, duration; F, females; FES, Falls Efficacy Scale; FOF, fear of falling; freq, frequency; FRT, Functional Reach Test; GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; HADS, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale; HiMAT, High Level Mobility Assessment Tool; LOS, limits of stability; min, minutes; n/a, not available; PD, Parkinson’s disease; PD dur; duration since PD diagnosis; PDQ-39, Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire-39; RCT, randomized controlled trial; pre–post, pretest–post-test study design; ROM, range of motion; SPPB, Short Physical Performance Battery; TUG, Timed Up and Go; UPDRS, United Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale.

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