The resurgence of neurotransmitter modulation in Parkinson’s disease with safinamide

Figures & data

Figure 1 Eco-epidemiology of Lyme disease in the USA including both abiotic and biotic factors that influence hosts or the vector tick Ixodes scapularis.

Notes: The start of tick activity, questing duration, and interstadial development (pre-oviposition, pre-eclosion, pre-molting) depend on the ambient temperature and relative humidity, which influence water loss, the total generation time, and the proportion of ticks that die before reproduction.⁴⁷ Host densities of the most important hosts of I. scapularis, deer, and mice are influenced by mast years and predator densities. Transovarial transmission of Borrelia spirochetes is rare; main transmission routes are transstadial and by feeding on an infected host. The main host of adult ticks is white-tailed deer which acts as a dilution host for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato but as a reproductive host for the tick population. Larvae feed on a variety of smaller hosts that act either as reservoir hosts for B. burgdorferi s.l. (mice, shrews, chipmunks) or as dilution hosts (lizards, squirrels). Nymphs feed on various mammals, including humans, which can act as dilution or reservoir hosts.^38,118 Host descriptions in red refer to their importance for the pathogen, and host descriptions in black to their importance for the tick population. Red stars: no infection takes place; green stars: ticks can get infected with spirochetes. Arrows with a plus sign show a positive influence, and arrows with a minus sign a negative influence.
Abbreviations: T, temperature; RH, relative humidity.

Figure 2 Eco-epidemiology of WNV.

Notes: Main vectors of WNV are mosquitos of the genus Culex. The primary enzootic cycle persists between mosquitos and passerine birds, which act as reservoir and amplifying hosts for the virus (green star). Infected mosquitos can transmit the virus to equines and humans, which can develop disease symptoms but cannot pass the infection to mosquitos or other hosts (red stars). The development of the mosquito vector and hence its population density is influenced by ambient temperature, precipitation, and habitat characteristics such as soil moisture, topography, and surface water.¹¹⁹
Abbreviations: WNV, West Nile virus; T, temperature; P, precipitation; H, habitat.

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