Restless legs syndrome: associated non-motor symptoms and medical comorbidities: a controlled study

Figures & data

Table 1 Non-motor symptoms in restless legs syndrome (RLS), RLS + Parkinson’s disease (RLS + PD), PD, and control subjects

Categories	RLS (N=25)	RLS + PD (N=11)	PD (N=32)	Controls (N=44)
i. Age of onset	40.9±16.3^a	63.4±7.8^b	65.2±8.4^b
ii. Age of Dx	49.8±12.9^a	64.8±7.8^b	67.1±8.1^b
iii. RLS	28.6±7.2^a	22.2±7.2^b
iv. ESS	9.4±4.8^a	8.2±3.3^a	7.4±5.0^a	4.6±2.9^b
v. MoCA	26.6±1.6^a	26.8±1.9^a	24.1±4.3^b	27.5±1.8^a
vi. BDI	9.6±7.1^a	11.8±9.1^a	8.6±5.5^a	3.1±4.3^b

NMSPD	% patients w symptom	Symptom severity	% patients w symptom	Symptom severity	% patients w symptom	Symptom severity	% patients w symptom	Symptom severity
CV (24)	20	1.0±0.9^a	73	5.0±3.0^b	69	2.6±2.0^c	9	0.1±0.04^a
Sleep/fatigue (48)	100	22.0±7.7^a	100	22.0±8.1^a	84	6.6±6.0^b	36	1.7±1.5^c
Mood/cognition (72)	56	12.8±6.6^a	36	6.9±5.9^b	43	12.0±7.4^b	25	1.0±1.0^c
Perception/hallucination (36)	20	0.4±1.0^a	80	5.0±2.7^b	34	2.7±2.3^c	5	0.2±0.2^a
Attention/memory (36)	72	6.0±5.0^a	91	13.7±9.0^b	81	7.0±5.3^b	23	0.8±0.7^c
Gastro intestinal (36)	36	3.8±2.4^a	73	6.1±5.5^a,b	55	6.4±3.6^b	5	0.2±0.2^c
Urinary (36)	40	4.5±3.0^a	82	9.2±6.8^b	80	10.7±6.0^b	32	1.7±1.5^c
Sexual (24)	24	1.9±2.1^a	55	5.0±4.0^b	49	5.5±3.5^b	14	0.9±0.1^c
Miscellaneous (48)	60	3.7±4.5^a	100	15.2±8.5^b	89	13.8±5.7^b	5	0.02±0.1^c

Notes: One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for Tukey’s pair-wise comparison of mean scores ±SD in RLS, RLS + PD, PD, and controls. Superscripts denote differences between groups (P<0.05). Three groups with different superscripts indicate significantly different means. i. Mean age (years) of onset and diagnosis of disorder; ii. Mean age (years) of diagnosis; iii. severity of RLS; iv. severity of day time sleepiness (Epworth Sleep Scale, ESS); v. cognitive impairment (Montreal Cognitive Assessment scale, MoCA); vi. depression (Beck Depression Inventory scale [BDI]). Non-motor symptoms assessment scale for PD (NMSPD) was used to assess severity of autonomic symptoms in all patient groups; number in parenthesis is the total score possible for each domain. Values given for each domain are the percentage of patient reporting the presence of symptoms and their severity.

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; w, with; Dx, diagnosis; CV, cardiovascular.

Figure 1 Kaplan–Meier estimates of percentage of subjects with RLS free are compared.

Notes: (A) Between patients who had sleep/fatigue symptom (solid line) and those who did not have sleep fatigue symptom (dashed line); (B) between patients who had mood/cognition deficit (solid line) and who did not have mood/cognition deficit (dashed line). These curves indicate that, for example, at age of 60 years, estimated percentages of subjects with RLS free are 25% and 50% for patients with sleep abnormalities and for patients with mood/cognition deficits, respectively. (C) Non-motor symptoms that showed the increased risk of developing RLS. HR is the relative risk of developing RLS in the presence vs the absence of the symptoms.
Abbreviations: RLS, restless legs syndrome; HR, hazard ratio; yrs, years.