Present and future for technologies to develop patient-specific medical devices: a systematic review approach

Figures & data

Figure 1 Research questions for exploratory literature review.

Abbreviation: CAx, Computer-aided Tools.

Figure 2 Research equation for literature review.

Figure 3 Frequencies of technology integration models observed.

Abbreviations: BIOCAD, Biological Computer-aided Design; CAD, Computer-aided Design; CAE, Computer-aided Engineering; CAM, Computer-aided Manufacturing; RP, Rapid Prototyping.

Figure 4 List of medical devices and technology integration models.

Abbreviations: BIOCAD, Biological Computer-aided Design; CAD, Computer-aided Design; CAE, Computer-aided Engineering; CAM, Computer-aided Manufacturing; RP, Rapid Prototyping.

Table 1 Correlation among specific medical devices. Stronger correlations were among 0.75–0.99; moderate correlations for 0.4–0.74; low correlations for values close to 0; and inverse correlations for negative values

	Biomodel	Simulation using a biomodel	Virtual surgical preplanning	Simulation by finite element method	Implant	Surgical or drilling guide
Biomodel	1.00
Simulation using a biomodel	0.84	1.00
Virtual surgical preplaning	0.66	0.20	1.00
Simulation by finite element method	0.21	0.57	−0.27	1.00
Implant	0.85	0.86	0.46	0.52	1.00
Surgical or drilling guide	0.78	0.34	0.91	−0.31	0.57	1.00

Figure 5 Anatomical regions treated with specific-patient devices.

Figure 6 Relationships between the most frequent words in Tree of Science files.

Abbreviations: CAD, Computer-aided Design; CAE, Computer-aided Engineering; CAM, Computer-aided Manufacturing.

Figure 7 Coding of trends by networking.

Abbreviations: CAD, Computer-aided Design; CAE, Computer-aided Engineering; CAM, Computer-aided Manufacturing; CAx, Computer-Aided Technologies; HMI, Human Machine interface; PDM, Product Data Management; PLM, Product Life-cycle Management; RE, Reverse Engineering; RP, Rapid Prototyping.

Figure 8 Requirements for design and development of specific medical devices.

Abbreviations: BIOCAD, Biological Computer Aided Design; CT, Computed tomography.

Table S1 Case studies categorized by Patient-specific Technology (PST), Patient-specific device (PSD), and anatomical zone

PST integration	Main author	Year of publication	PSD						Number of cases — Anatomical Zone
			Biomodel	Simulation using a biomodel	Virtual Surgical Preplanning	Simulation by finite element method (FEM)	Patient-specific implant (PSI)	Surgical or drilling guide
CAD+CAE	Senalp^Citation1	2007				1	1		1-Femur
	Barone^Citation2	2016						1	1-Maxillofacial
BIOCAD+RP	Bruns^Citation3	2010	1						1-Pelvis
	Chul^Citation4	2017	1	1					1-Orbital
BIOCAD+CAD	Owen^Citation5	2007			1		1		1-Spine
	Hu^Citation6	2011			1				1-Femur
	Défossez^Citation7	2014			1		1		1-Spine
	Werner^Citation8	2000					1		1-Femur
	Bauer^Citation9	2017			1			1	1-Hand-foot
BIOCAD+CAD+CAE	Ojeda^Citation10	2007				1	1		1-Femur
	Faegh^Citation11	2010	1			1	1		1-Maxillofacial
	Ammar^Citation12	2004				1	1		1-Maxillofacial
	Perestrelo^Citation13	2013				1			1-Skull
	Mircheski^Citation14	2016					1		1-Pelvis
	Griza^Citation15	2008				1	1		1-Pelvis
	Thevenot^Citation16	2014				1
	Moiduddin^Citation17	2017					1		1-Maxillofacial
BIOCAD+CAD+CAM	Rashid^Citation18	2017					1		1-Humerus
BIOCAD+CAD+RP	Heissler^Citation19	1998	1		1		1		1-Skull
	Gibson^Citation20	2004	1
	Singare^Citation21	2004	1				1		1-Maxillofacial
	Dai^Citation22	2007	1
	White^Citation23	2008
	Kunz^Citation24	2010						1	1-Femur
	Casallo^Citation25	2010					1		1-Skull
	Zhang^Citation26	2011	1		1		1		1-Femur
	Bagaria^Citation27	2011			1				1-Pelvis
	Mustafa^Citation28	2011					1		1-Orbital
	Soler^Citation29	2011			1		1		1-Skull
	Mazzoni^Citation30	2013			1			1	1-Maxillofacial
	Rotaru^Citation31	2012					1		1-Skull
	Wang^Citation32	2012							1-Maxillofacial
	Ma^Citation33	2012	1					1	1-Spine
	Du^Citation34	2013	1	1	1			1	1-Pelvis
	Merc^Citation35	2013	1		1		1		1-Spine
	Mazzoni^Citation30	2013	1	1	1		1	1	7-Maxillofacial
	Starosolski^Citation36	2014	1	1	1				3-Knee/1-Femur/2-Pelvis
	Cartiaux^Citation37	2014	1	1	1			1	3-Skull
	Weijs^Citation38	2016			1			1	1-Maxillofacial
	Peel^Citation39	2017			1		1		3-Skull
	Singhal^Citation40	2016	1						1-Pelvis
	Kalamaras^Citation41	2016	1	1	1			1	1-Knee/3-Hand-foot
	Schweizer^Citation42	2016						1	1-Hand-foot
	Msallem^Citation43	2017	1				1		1-Skull
	Azimifar^Citation44	2017						1	1-Spine
BIOCAD+CAD+CAE+RP	Hosni^Citation45	2000	1			1	1		1-Knee
	Sun^Citation46	2005				1	1		1-Femur
	Harryson^Citation47	2008	1			1	1		1-Femur
	Isaza^Citation48, ^Citation49	2008		1		1	1		1-Maxillofacial
	Kluess^Citation50	2009		1		1	1		1-Pelvis
	Dhakshyani^Citation51	2012	1	1			1		1-Pelvis
	Jun^Citation52	2010							1-Femur
	Parthasarathy^Citation53	2011		1			1		1-Skull
	El Halabi^Citation54	2011		1		1	1		1-Skull
	Yosibash^Citation55	2013	1				1		1-Femur
	Iqbal^Citation56	2017	1	1			1		1-Pelvis
	Doerfler^Citation57	2017					1		1-Orbital
	Provaggi^Citation58	2017					1		1-Spine
	Malyala^Citation59	2016	1	1					1-Skull/1-Maxillofacial
	Borghi^Citation60	2017	1			1	1		1-Skull
BIOCAD+CAD+RP+ CAM	Rudman^Citation61	2011	1				1		1-Orbital
	Kozakiewicz^Citation62	2013	1	1			1		1-Orbital
	Salmi^Citation63	2012	1	1			1		1-Orbital
	Rohner^Citation64	2013	1	1					1-Skull
	Kraeima^Citation65	2016					1	1	3-Maxillofacial
	Suojanen^Citation66	2016					1	1	1-Maxillofacial
	Probst^Citation67	2016	1	1			1		8-Maxillofacial
	Thor^Citation68	2016					1	1	1-Maxillofacial
	Peel^Citation40	2017					1		1-Skull/1-Orbital
	Maini^Citation69	2018					1

Abbreviations: BIOCAD, Biological Computer-aided Design; CAD, Computer-aided Design; CAE, Computer-aided Engineering; CAM, Computer-aided Manufacturing; CAx, Computer-Aided Technologies; RP, Rapid Prototyping.

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