Competing neurobehavioral decision systems and the neuroeconomics of craving in opioid addiction

Figures & data

Table 1 Executive system components: neuropsychological task and common regions of activation

Executive system component	Cognitive task	Common regions of activation
Valuing future events	Delay discounting	Dorsolateral PFC, right OFC, right ventrolateral PFC, and lateral inferior parietal cortex;† ventral striatum, medial OFC, medial PFC, posterior cingulate cortex, left posterior hippocampus*,^Citation63,Citation64,Citation94,Citation95
Working memory	O-span or n-Back	Dorsolateral PFC, ventromedial PFC, dorsal cingulate, frontal poles, frontal gyrus, posterior cingulate gyrus†,^Citation96
Planning	Tower of London	Dorsolateral PFC, ventromedial PFC, and parietal cortex;* striatum*^Citation97
Behavioral inhibition	Stop-Signal Reaction Time Task or Go-No-Go	Right inferior frontal cortex, inferior frontal cortex, dorsolateral PFC, right frontal gyrus, right medial gyrus, left cingulate, left putamen, medial temporal and inferior parietal cortex†,^Citation82,Citation98
Attention	Continuous Performance Task	Dorsolateral PFC from the posterior parietal cortex, occipital lobe, lingual gyrus, and fusiform gyrus†,^Citation96,Citation99
Behavioral flexibility	wisconsin Card-Sorting Task	Middle frontal gyrus, dorsolateral and ventromedial PFC†,^Citation100,Citation101
emotional regulation	Iowa Gambling Task	Medial and lateral PFC, OFC, dorsolateral PFC, and ventromedial PFC;* ACC*,^Citation102–Citation104

Notes: ^†Executive system regions; *impulsive system regions.

Abbreviations: ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; PFC, prefrontal cortex.

Table 2 Impulsive system components: neuropsychological task and common regions of activation

Impulsive system component	Cognitive task	Common regions of activation
Reward-drive and trait impulsivity	Barratt impulsiveness Scale	Ventromedial PFC and mesolimbic regions;* OFC†,^Citation105,Citation106
Reflection impulsivity	Matching Familiar Figures Task, information Sampling Task^Citation108,Citation109	Unknown at this time
Impulsive choice	Delay discounting (immediate choice)	Ventral striatum, medial orbitofrontal cortex, medial PFC, posterior cingulate cortex, and left posterior hippocampus*,^Citation63,Citation64
Behavioral disinhibition	Stop-Signal Reaction Time Task or Go-No-Go	ACC;* right prefrontal cortices†,^Citation107,Citation110

Notes: ^†Executive system regions; *impulsive system regions.

Abbreviations: ACC, anterior cingulate cortex; OFC, orbitofrontal cortex; PFC, prefrontal cortex.

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