Nanoplasmonic biosensors: current perspectives

Figures & data

Table 1 Nanoplasmonic biosensors for cancer diagnosis

Nanostructure type	Probe moieties	Analytes	Limit of detection	Substrate type	Detection mechanism	References
GNP	VEGF 165 aptamer	VEGF 165	–	Colloidal	SEF	Cho et al^Citation21
GNP/PSA-ACT/magnetic microbeads	PSA-ACT mAb	PSA-ACT	1 pg/mL	Colloidal	LSPR	Cao et al^Citation22
Spherical GNP	PSA-ACT mAb	PSA-ACT	0.1 pg/mL	Glass	Rayleigh light scattering	Hwang et al ^Citation23
GNPs	Antihuman AFP - MBA - GNPs	AFP	100 pg/mL	Glass	SERS	Wang et al^Citation24
GNS	Capture antibody/target AFP/ fluorophores labeled secondary antibody	AFP	0.1 ng/mL	Optical fiber	LSPR	Chang et al^Citation25
Spherical GNP	Capture antibody PSA (PSA 10), tracer antibody PSA (PSA 66)	PSA	1 pg/mL	Optical fiber	LSPR	Jeong et al^Citation26
GNPs	First antibody/AFP/GNP conjugated secondary antibody	AFP	0.2 ng/mL in PBS and 2 ng/mL in bovine serum	Optical microfiber	LSPR	Li et al^Citation27
Gold-on-gold films	MaCEA, polyclonal rabbit anti-CEA IgG, goat anti-rabbit IgG conjugated to IR800	CEA	5 fM	Glass	SEF	Tabakman et al^Citation28
Gold film island	Anti-AFP antibody	AFP	25 ng/mL	Quartz slides	LSPR	Geng et al^Citation29
Au triangle nanoarray	Gold nanostar conjugated with Raman label malachite green and detection antibody, capture antibody	VEGF	–	Glass	SERS	Li et al^Citation30
Elliptical Au nanodisk arrays	Anti-PSA antibodies, alkaline phosphatase labeled secondary antibody	PSA	–	Glass	LSPR	Lee et al^Citation3^l
Gold nanodisk array	PSA mAb	f-PSA	100 fg/mL	Optical fiber	LSPR	Sanders et al^Citation32
GNR	PSA mAb	PSA–ACT	l aM	Glass	LSPR	Truong et al^Citation33
GNR	Anti-HER2 primary antibody, anti-rabbit IgGs secondary antibody	HER2		Glass	SERS	Park et al^Citation34
Au@Ag NRs	Rabbit anti-p53 and p2l	p53 and p21	1 pg/mL	Glass	SERS	wu et al^Citation38
Silver nanochip	Anti-HE4 antibody	HE4	4 pM	Glass	LSPR	Yuan et al^Citation41
Triangular-shaped silver nanoparticle	DNA probe	p53	-	Glass	LSPR	Duan et al^Citation42

Abbreviations: GNP, gold nanoparticle; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; SEF, surface-enhanced fluorescence; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; PSA–ACT, PSA complexed to R-1-antichymotrypsin; PSA–ACT mAb, PSA–ACT monoclonal antibody; LSPR, localized surface plasmon resonance; MBA, mercaptobenzoic acid; AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; SERS, surface-enhanced Raman scattering; MaCEA, monoclonal mouse anti-CEA IgG; CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen; GNR, gold nanorods; f-PSA, free PSA; HER2, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2; Au@Ag NRs, Gold@silver core-shell nanorods; HE4, human epididymis secretory protein 4; GNS, gold nanosphere; IgG, immunoglobulin G.

Figure 1 Schematics of the aptasensor illustrating detection mechanism of VEGF 165.

Notes: Reprinted with permission from Cho H, Yeh EC, Sinha R, Laurence TA, Bearinger JP, Lee LP. Single-step nanoplasmonic VEGF 165 aptasensor for early cancer diagnosis. ACS Nano. 2012;6(9):7607–7614.²¹ Copyright © 2012, American Chemical Society.
Abbreviations: GNP, gold nanoparticles; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; PLL, poly-l-lysine; APS, (3-Aminopropyl) triethoxysilane.

Figure 2 Scheme of VEGF biomarker detection using SERS immunosensor.

Notes: Reprinted with permission from Li M, Cushing SK, Zhang J, et al. Three-dimensional hierarchical plasmonic nano-architecture enhanced surface-enhanced Raman scattering immunosensor for cancer biomarker detection in blood plasma. ACS Nano. 2013;7(6):4967–4976.³⁰ Copyright © 2013, American Chemical Society.
Abbreviations: VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; SERS, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy.

Figure 3 Schematic showing detection of breast cancer markers using silver-coated gold nanorods conjugated with four families of SERS nanoagents.

Note: Reproduced from Nima ZA, Mahmood M, Xu Y, et al. Circulating tumor cell identification by functionalized silver-gold nanorods with multicolor, super-enhanced SERS and photothermal resonances. Sci Rep. 2014;4:4752.³⁷
Abbreviations: PATP, p-aminothiophenol; PNTP, p-nitrothiophenol; MSTP, methylsulfanyl) thiophenol; MBA, mercaptobenzoic acid; anti-EPCAM, anti-epithelial cells adhesion molecules; PEG, polyethylene glycol; AuNR/Ag, silver-coated gold nanorods; AuNR, gold nanorod; AuNR, gold nanorod; SERS, surface-enhanced Raman scattering.

Table 2 Nanoplasmonic biosensors for pathogenic disease diagnosis

Nanostructure type	Probe moieties	Analytes	Limit of detection	Substrate type	Detection mechanism	References
GNPs	Envelope (E) protein of west Nile virus (WNV)	Anti-west Nile virus (WNV) envelope (E) immunoglobulin	50 pg/mL	Colloidal	SERS	Neng et al^Citation43
GNPs	Dengue anti-NSI antibody	NSI antigen	0.074 μg/mL	Fiber optic	LSPR	Camara et al^Citation45
Gold-capped silica nanoparticle array	Raman label tagged MS hairpin-DNA probes	RNA marker of HPAI virus	2.67 aMs	Glass	SERS	Pang et al^Citation50
Gold-capped silica nanoparticle array	Aptamer	Bacteria	30 cfu	Glass	LSPR	Yoo et al^Citation54
Au triangle nanoarray	Detection probe conjugated with Ag nanorice@MGITC@ SiO2, DNA-capture probe	HBV DNA	50 aM	Silicon wafer	SERS	Li et al^Citation55
Au-dots	HIV-I neutralizing gp120 monoclonal antibody	HIV-I	200 fg/mL	ITO glass	SPR	Lee et al^Citation57

Abbreviations: SPR, surface plasmon resonance; MS, molecular sentinel; gp120, glycoprotein 120; GNPs, gold nanoparticles; SERS, surface-enhanced Raman scattering; LSPR, localized surface plasmon resonance; HPAI, high pathogenicity influenza; MGITC, malachite green isothiocyanate; cfu, colony forming unit; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HBV, Hepatitis B Virus; ITO, indium tin oxide.

Figure 4 Schematic representation of label-free RSAD2 detection.

Notes: Reprinted with permission from Ngo HT, Wang HN, Fales AM, Vo-Dinh T. Label-free DNA biosensor based on SERS molecular sentinel on nanowave chip. Anal Chem. 2013;85(13):6378–6383.⁴⁸ Copyright © 2013, American Chemical Society.
Abbreviations: SERS, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy; RSAD2, radical S-adenosyl methionine domain-containing 2.

Figure 5 Schematic representation of the SERS sensor for HBV DNA detection.

Notes: Reprinted with permission from Li M, Cushing SK, Liang H, Suri S, Ma D, Wu N. Plasmonic nanorice antenna on triangle nanoarray for surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection of hepatitis B virus DNA. Anal Chem. 2013;85(4):2072–2078.⁵⁵ Copyright © 2013, American Chemical Society.
Abbreviations: SERS, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy; HBV, hepatitis B virus.

Table 3 Nanoplasmonic biosensors for Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis

Nanostructure type	Probe moieties	Analytes	Limit of detection	Substrate type	Detection mechanism	References
Triangular Ag nanoparticles	Anti-ADDL antibody	ADDL	10 pM	Mica	LSPR	Haes et al^Citation60
Silica-gold core-shell	Tau-mAb	Tau protein	10 pg/mL	Glass	LSPR	Vestergaard et al^Citation61
Spherical gold nanoparticles	Tau-mAb	Tau protein	1 pg/mL	Colloidal	Two-photon	Neely et al^Citation62
					Rayleigh scattering

Abbreviations: ADDL, amyloid-derived diffusible ligands; LSPR, localized surface plasmon resonance; tau-mAb, monoclonal anti-tau antibody.

Figure 6 Schematics representing the LSPR biosensor setup for ADDLs detection using a sandwich assay.

Notes: Reprinted with permission from Haes AJ, Chang L, Klein WL, Van Duyne RP. Detection of a biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease from synthetic and clinical samples using a nanoscale optical biosensor. J Am Chem Soc. 2005;127(7):2264–2271.⁶⁰ Copyright © 2005, American Chemical Society.
Abbreviations: LSPR, localized surface plasmon resonance; ADDLs, amyloid-derived diffusible ligands; CCD, charge-coupled device; PC, personal computer.

Table 4 Nanoplasmonic biosensors for myocardial infarction

Nanostructure type	Probe moieties	Analytes	Limit of detection	Substrate type	Detection mechanism	References
AAO layer	Troponin T antibody	Troponin T	1 ng/mL	Aluminum foil	LSPR	Yeom et al^Citation63
Nanohole array	Anti-cTnl antibody	cTnl	0.4 nM	PDMS	LSPR	Jia et al^Citation64
GNR + MNPs	Anti-cTnl antibody	cTnl	30 pM	Colloidal	LSPR	Tang et al^Citation65

Abbreviations: AAO, anodized aluminum oxide; LSPR, localized surface plasmon resonance; cTnI, cardiac troponin I; PDMS, poly(dimethylsiloxane); GNR, gold nanorods; MNPs, magnetic nanoparticles.

Figure 7 Scheme of MNP-mediated LSPR assay on gold nanorod.

Notes: Reprinted with permission from Tang L, Casas J, Venkataramasubramani M. Magnetic nanoparticle mediated enhancement of localized surface plasmon resonance for ultrasensitive bioanalytical assay in human blood plasma. Anal Chem. 2013;85(3):1431–1439.⁶⁵ Copyright © 2013, American Chemical Society.
Abbreviations: MNP, magnetic nanoparticles; LSPR, localized surface plasmon resonance; cTnI, cardiac troponin I.

Figure 8 Schematic representation indicating sensor responses at the base and tip of the nanomenhirs for monitoring the molecular assembly.

Notes: On addition of Ø 70 nm biotinylated vesicles, strong redshift in signal is seen for the plasmon excitation corresponding to the apex of the nanomenhirs (A), whereas a weak redshift for the plasmon excitation corresponding to the base of the nanomenhirs is seen (B). Reprinted with permission from Kumar K, Dahlin AB, Sannomiya T, Kaufmann S, Isa L, Reimhult E. Embedded plasmonic nanomenhirs as location-specific biosensors. Nano Lett. 2013;13(12):6122–6129.⁷⁴ Copyright © 2013, American Chemical Society.
Abbreviations: PLL, poly-l–lysine; PEG, polyethylene glycol; HEPES, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-ethane sulfonic acid; POPC, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; DPPE, 1,2-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine.

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