Dietary diversity and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care at public health facilities in Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of pregnant women attending antenatal care at public health facilities in Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia, 2017 (n=413)

Variables		Frequency	Percentage (%)
Age	<30	283	68.5
	≥30	130	31.5
Place of residence	Rural	250	60.5
	Urban	163	39.5
Marital status	Married	398	96.4
	Divorced	11	2.7
	Widowed	4	1.0
Religion	Orthodox	147	35.6
	Muslim	231	55.9
	Protestant	35	8.5
Ethnicity	Oromo	313	75.8
	Amhara	63	15.3
	Tigre	37	9.0
Educational status	No formal education	166	40.2
	Primary	143	34.6
	Secondary and above	104	25.2
Occupational status	Housewife	223	54.0
	Government employee	130	31.5
	Merchant	48	11.6
	Labourer	12	2.9
Family size	≤5	170	41.2
	>5	243	58.8
Income	<500 ETB^*	123	29.8
	500–1,500 ETB	139	33.7
	>1,500 ETB	49	11.9
	Unknown	102	24.7

Note:

* Ethiopian Birr.

Table 2 Dietary diversity and nutritional status among pregnant women attending antenatal care in public health facilities in Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia, 2017 (n=413)

Variables		Frequency	Percentage
Dietary diversity	Inadequate	228	55.2
	Adequate	185	44.8
Trimester	First	170	41.2
	Second	179	43.3
	Third	64	15.5
Frequency of dietary intake	Twice per day	319	77.2
	Three times a day	104	32.8
MUAC	<21 cm	194	47
	≥21 cm	219	53
Additional diet during pregnancy	Yes	87	21
	No	326	79

Abbreviation: MUAC, mid-upper arm circumference.

Figure 1 Sources of information for dietary diversity among pregnant women attending antenatal care in public health facilities in Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia, 2017.

Figure 2 Food group consumptions in the last 24 hours among pregnant women attending antenatal care in public health facilities, Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia, 2017.

Table 3 Bivariate and multivariate logistic analysis of factors associated with dietary diversity of pregnant women attending antenatal care in public health facilities in Bale Zone South east Ethiopia, 2017 (n=413)

Variable	Dietary diversity score		Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR (95% CI)
	Inadequate, n (%)	Adequate, n (%)
Place of residence
Rural	113 (45.2)	137 (54.8)	2.91 (1.91, 4.42)	3.72(2.22, 6.20)^*
Urban	115 (70.6)	48 (29.4)	1	1
Family size
≤5	84 (49.4)	86 (50.6)	1.49(1.00, 2.21)	1.30(0.77, 2.20)^**
>5	144 (59.3)	99 (40.7)	1	1
Source of information
Television	52 (54.7)	43 (45.3)	0.58 (0.32, 1.02)	0.41 (0.21, 0.84)^*
Radio	97 (59.9)	65 (40.1)	0.47(0.28, 0.78)	0.45 (0.24, 0.85)^*
Neighbors	25 (53.2)	22 (46.8)	0.58 (0.32, 1.02)	0.83 (0.36, 1.92)^**
Health professional	14 (29.2)	34 (70.8)	1	1
Source of water Protected	138 (44.7)	171 (55.3)	7.97(4.35,14.60)	12.49(6.01, 25.96)^*
Not protected	90 (86.5)	14 (13.5)	1	1
Latrine present
Yes	58 (41.7)	81 (58.3)	2.28 (1.51, 3.46)	5.06 (2.90, 8.84)*
No	170 (62.0)	104 (38.0)	1	1
Home garden present
Yes	49 (39.2)	76 (60.8)	2.06(1.33,3.19)	2.34(1.39, 3.94)^*
No	179 (62.2)	109 (37.8)	1	1
Mobile phone available
Yes	142 (49.8)	143 (50.2)	2.06 (1.33, 3.19)	2.83 (1.62, 4.92)^*
No	86 (67.2)	42 (32.8)	1	1

Notes:

* p≤0.05

** p>0.05.

Abbreviation: OR, odds ratio.