Factors Associated with Dietary Practice and Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women in Rural Communities of Illu Aba Bor Zone, Southwest Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic and Economic Characteristics of the Pregnant Women in Illu Aba Bor Zone, South West Ethiopia, June 2019

Characteristics	Category	Frequency	Percent
Age of the Mother	≤24	226	56.1
	25–34	161	40.0
	≥35	16	4.0
Marital status	Married	403	100
Religion	Orthodox	85	21.1
	Muslim	242	60.0
	Protestant	76	18.9
Ethnicity	Oromo	354	87.8
	Amhara	41	10.2
	Others^a	8	2.0
Educational status of the mother	No formal education	107	26.6
	Primary^b	214	53.1
	Secondary and above	82	20.3
Educational status of the husband	No formal education	69	17.1
	Primary^b	235	58.3
	Secondary and above	99	24.6
Occupational status of the Mother	Employee	17	4.2
	Merchant	32	7.9
	Housewife	339	84.1
	Daily laborer	15	3.7
Occupational status of husband	Employee	59	14.6
	Merchant	35	8.7
	Farmer	282	70.0
	Daily laborer	27	6.7
Family Size	<5	337	83.6
	≥5	66	16.4
Wealth Quintile	Lowest	75	18.6
	Second	90	22.3
	Middle	68	16.9
	Fourth	89	22.1
	Highest	81	20.1

Notes:

a Others include Tigray and Gurage.

b Primary is grade 1–8.

Table 2 Obstetric History of Pregnant Women in Illu Aba Bor Zone, South West Ethiopia, June 2019

Characteristics	Category	Frequency	Percent
Gravida	Primi-gravida	147	36.5
	Multigravida	201	49.9
	Grand multigravida	55	13.6
History of still birth (n=256)	Yes	15	5.9
	No	241	94.
History of abortion (n=256)	Yes	14	5.5
	No	242	94.5
ANC visits (n=256)	No at all	32	12.5
	1–3	109	42.6
	≥4	115	44.9
GA at first ANC visit (n=224)	1st trimester	56	25.0
	2nd trimester	168	75.0
Birth interval (n=256)	<36 months	82	32.0
	≥36 months	174	68.0

Abbreviations: ANC, antenatal care; GA, gestational age.

Table 3 Nutrition Knowledge of the Pregnant Women in Ill Aba Boor Zone, South West Ethiopia, June 2019

Knowledge Variables	Category	Frequency	Percent
Know diversified diet and its benefits	Yes	190	47.1
	No	213	52.9
Know dietary sources of macronutrients (carbohydrates, EFA and proteins)	Yes	125	31.0
	No	278	69.0
Know dietary sources of micronutrients (iron, Vitamin A, iodine, Vitamin C)	Yes	121	30.0
	No	282	70.0
Know the use of iodized salt during pregnancy	Yes	298	73.9
	No	108	26.1
Know the fetal complication of maternal under-nutrition	Yes	393	97.5
	No	10	2.5
Know maternal complication of under-nutrition	Yes	393	97.5
	No	10	2.5
Nutation specific overall knowledge	Poor	253	62.8
	Good	150	37.2
Mean ± SD knowledge score
Mean ± SD	4.48 ± 1.45

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; EFA, essential fatty acid.

Table 4 Food Groups Consumed by the Pregnant Women, Ill Aba Boor Zone, South West Ethiopia, June 2019

Food groups	Frequency	Percent
Starchy staples	402	99.8
Legumes	353	87.6
Other fruits and vegetables	304	75.4
Dark green leafy vegetables	293	72.7
Other Vitamin A rich fruits and vegetables	202	50.1
Milk and milk products	205	50.9
Egg	142	35.2
Meat and fish	51	12.7
Organ meat	12	3.0
Overall dietary diversity High	264	64.5
Low	139	34.5
Mean ± SD diversity score
Mean ± SD	4.88 ± 1.27

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation.

Table 5 Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis of Factors Associated with Dietary Diversity Among Pregnant Women in Illu Aba Bor Zone, June 2019

Characteristics	Category	WDDS		COR(95% CI)	AOR(95% CI)
		High N(%)	Low N (%)
Age of the mother	≤24	146(64.6)	80(35.4)	0.61(0.19,1.95)	1.20(0.33,24.40)
	25–34	106(65.8)	55(34.2)	0.64(0.19.1.09)	0.88(0.25,3.16) 1.00
	≥35	12(75.0)	4(25.0)	1.00
Maternal education	No formal education	86(80.4)	21(19.6)	1.00	1.00
	Primary	122(57.0)	92(43.0)	0.62(0.36,1.06)	0.75(0.39,1.41)
	Secondary and above	56(68.3)	26(31.7)	1.90(0.98,3.70)	3.49(1.53,7.99)^*
Husband’s occupation	Employee	41(69.5)	18(30.5)	1.34(0.51,3.49)	1.90(0.67,5.42)
	Merchant	22(62.9)	13(37.1)	0.99(0.35,2.82)	0.83(0.26,2.65)
	Farmer	184(65.2)	98(34.8)	1.10(0.49,2.50)	1.14(0.45,2.89)
	Daily laborer	17(63.0)	10(37.0)	1.00	1.00
Wealth quintile	Lowest	48(64.0)	27(36.0)	1.00	1.00
	Second	58(64.4)	32(35.6)	1.02(0.54,1.93)	1.46(0.71,2.99)
	Middle	48(70.6)	20(29.4)	1.35(0.67,2.73)	1.40(0.62,3.19)
	Fourth	64(71.9)	25(28.1)	1.44(0.74,2.79)	2.07(0.92,4.66)
	Highest	46(56.8)	35(43.20)	0.74(0.39,1.41)	1.07(0.47,2.42)
HH food security status	Food secure	147(69.3)	65(30.7)	1.43(0.94,2.16)	1.61(1.02,2.56)^*
	Food insecure	117(61.3)	74(38.7)	1.00	1.00
Nutrition knowledge	Poor	156(61.7)	97(38.3)	1.00	1.00
	Good	108(72.0)	42(28.0)	1.59(1.03,2.48)	1.74(1.08,2.79)^*
Meal frequency	<3 meals/day	42(51.2)	40(48.8)	1.00	1.00
	≥3 meals/day	222(69.2)	99(30.8)	2.14(1.30,3.49)	2.88 (1.65,5.03)^*
Home gardening	Yes	143(70.1)	61(29.9)	1.51(1.00,2.29)	1.72(0.99,2.96)
	No	121(60.8)	78(39.2)	1.00	1.00
Bank account	Yes	90(71.4)	36(28.6)	1.48(0.94,2.34)	1.26(0.75,2.12)
	No	174(62.8)	103(37.2)	1.00	1.00

Notes:

* Significant at p-value ≤0.05. Parameter estimates were adjusted for the tabulated variables.

Abbreviations: COR, crude odds ratio; HH, household; WDDS, women’s dietary diversity score; AOR, adjusted odds ratio.

Table 6 Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis of Factors Associated with the Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women in Illu Aba Bor Zone, June 2019

Characteristics	Category	Under-Nutrition		COR(95% CI)	AOR(95% CI)
		Yes N (%)	No N (%)
Age of the mother	≤24	31(13.7)	195(86.3)	1.00	1.00
	25–34	35(21.7)	126(78.3)	1.75(1.03,2.98)	1.47(0.27,7.94)
	≥35	6(37.5)	10(62.5)	3.77(1.28,11.12)	1.56(0.36,6.71)
Husband’s education	No formal education	15(21.7)	54(78.3)	1.25(0.58,2.69)	0.67(0.23,1.94)
	Primary	39(16.6)	196(83.4)	0.89(0.48,1.66)	0.85(0.35,2.04)
	Secondary and above	18(18.2)	81(81.8)	1.00	1.00
Family size	<5	49(14.5)	288(85.5)	1.00	1.00
	≥5	23(34.8)	43(65.2)	3.14(1.74,5.67)	2.90(1.18,7.21)^*
Wealth quintile	Lowest	21(28.0)	54(72.0)	291(2.11,16.65)	3.76(0.98,14.44)
	Second	17(18.9)	73(81.1)	3.54(1.24,10.09)	2.06(0.57,7.51)
	Middle	15(22.1)	53(77.9)	4.30(1.47,12.56)	3.65(1.02,12.99)^*
	Fourth	14(15.7)	75(84.3)	2.84(0.97,8.27)	1.48(0.39,5.60)
	Highest	5(6.2)	76(93.8)	1.00	1.00
HH food security	Food secure	50(26.2)	141(73.8)	1.00	1.00
	Food insecure	22(10.4)	190(89.6)	3.06(1.77,5.29)	2.59(1.21,5.63)^*
WDDS	Adequate	36(23.2)	119(76.8)	1.78(1.07,2.98)	1.29(0.61,2.72)
	Inadequate	36 (14.5)	212(85.5)	1.00	1.00
Birth interval	Sub-optimal	24(29.3)	58(70.7)	2.16(1.16,4.03)	2.32(1.10,4.87)^*
	Optimal	28(16.1)	146(83.9)	1.00	1.00
Meal frequency	<3 meals/day	15(29.4)	36(70.6)	2.16(1.11,4.19)	1.11(0.40,2.99)
	≥3 meals/day	57(16.2)	295(83.8)	1.00	1.00

Notes:

* Significant at p-value ≤0.05. Parameter estimates were adjusted for the tabulated variables.

Abbreviations: COR, crude odds ratio; WDDS, women’s dietary diversity score; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; HH, household.