Dietary Practices and Their Determinants Among Pregnant Women in Gedeo Zone, Southern Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Sample Size Determination for the Associated Factor of the Dietary Practice of Pregnant Mother

Significant Variables	CI	Power	Exposed to Unexposed	AOR	Sample Size
Monthly income	95%	80%	11.0	5.9	146
Information about nutrition	95%	80%	78	2.4	249
Mothers education	95%	80%	25.1	3.1	272

Table 2 Socio-Demographic Characteristics of Pregnant Mothers in Dilla Zuria Woreda, Southern Ethiopia, 2018

Variables(n= 351)	Frequency	Percentage
Age
15–24	112	31.9
25–34	175	49.9
35–49	64	18.3
Marital status
Married	339	96.6
Separated	12	3.4
Family size
< 2	3	0.9
3–4	88	25.1
> 5	260	74.1
Pregnant mother educational level
No formal education	177	50.4
Primary education	134	38.1
Secondary and above	40	11.4
Husband educational level
No formal education	73	20.8
Primary education	189	53.8
Secondary and above	89	25.4
Husband occupation
Farmer	171	48.7
Private business	108	30.8
Government Employee	72	20.5
Monthly income
<1000	192	54.7
1000–2000	113	32.2
>2000	46	13.1
Occupational status of mothers
Housewife	270	76.9
Private business	52	14.8
Government employee	29	8.3
Total number of pregnancy
≤2	65	18.5
3–4	117	33.3
≥5	169	48.1
Total number of live birth
≤2	97	27.6
3–4	59	16.8
≥5	150	42.7
Last two pregnancy interval(in year)
<2	234	66.7
2–5	45	12.8
≥5	24	6.8
Antenatal visit
Did not have ANC visit	94	26.7
Have ANC visit	257	73.3

Table 3 Attitude of Pregnant Mothers Towards Dietary Practice in Dilla Zuria Woreda, Southern Ethiopia, 2018 (n=351)

Attitude of Mother Frequency Percent (%)
Eat additional frequency of food per day?
Disagree	151	43
Neutral	97	27.6
Agree	103	29.3
Eat more carbohydrates?
Disagree	73	20.8
Neutral	148	42.2
Agree	130	37.2
Eat more proteins source food such as beans, egg, nut … ?
Disagree	60	17.1
Neutral	137	39
Agree	154	43.9
Preparing of more milk and its products during pregnancy?
Disagree	69	19.7
Neutral	89	25.4
Agree	193	55
Prepare meals with iron-rich foods?
Disagree	79	22.5
Neutral	126	35.9
Agree	146	41.6
Like the taste of meat and other iron-rich food
item or meals?
Disagree	41	11.7
Neutral	169	48.1
Agree	141	40.2
Omega 3 rich foods like olive oils, fish … ?
Disagree	62	17.7
Neutral	237	67.5
Agree	52	14.8
The taste of milk and milk products?
Disagree	35	10
Neutral	59	16.8
Agree	257	73.2
Prepare meals with iodized salt?
Disagree	49	14
Neutral	141	40.2
Agree	161	45.9

Table 4 Dietary Practice of Pregnant Mother in Dilla Zuria Woreda, Southern Ethiopia, 2018 (n=351)

The Dietary Practice of Mother	Frequency	Percent (%)
Follow specific dietary regimen?
Yes	173	49.3
No	178	50.7
Eat fresh fruits, such as orange, lemon, mango?
Yes	279	79.5
No	72	20.5
Do you have an iron-folic acid supplement?
Yes	274	78.1
No	77	21.9
Do you have the habits of eating snacks between meals?
Yes	122	34.8
No	229	65.2
The habit of eating carbohydrate source food?
Yes	165	47.0
No	186	53.3
Do you avoid any food or diet in this pregnancy?
Yes	86	24.5
No	265	75.5
Reason for the avoidance of any food or diet in the current pregnancy
Culture	15	4.3
Make the baby big	37	10.5
Makes delivery difficult	35	10.0
Animal source foods like meat, liver, milk and others within a day?
Yes	56	16.5
No	295	84
Meal frequency
1–2	238	67.8
3–4	90	25.6
>5	23	6.6
Consumption/eating fresh vegetables daily?
Yes	257	73.2
No	94	26.8
Overall dietary practice
Good (score>7.5)	113	32.2
Poor practice(Score≤7.5)	238	67.8

Table 5 Binary and Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis for Factors Associated with the Dietary Practice Among Pregnant Mothers in Dilla Zuria Woreda, Gedeo Zone, South Ethiopia, 2018 (n=351)

Variables	Category	Dietary Practice Mothers		COR(95% CI)	AOR(95% CI)
		Good	Poor
Educational status of the mother	Not formal education	28(15.8%)	149(84.2%)	1	1
	Formal Education	85(48.9%)	89(51.1%)	5.08(3.08–8.39)^*	2.72(1.46–5.07)^**
Educational status of the husband	Formal Education	61(83.6%)	12(16.4%)	1	1
	Not formal education	177(63.7%)	101(36.3%)	0.345 (0.18–0.67)^*	0.629 (0.26–1.53)
Occupational status of husband	Farmer	141(82.5%)	30(17.5)	1	1
	Private business	63(58.3%)	45(41.7%)	3.35 (1.94–5.81)^*	1.7 (0.84–3.47)
	Government employee	34(47.2%)	38(52.8%)	5.25 (2.86–9.65)^*	1.39 (0.61–3.19)
Monthly income	<1000	154(80.2%)	38(19.8%)	1	1
	1000–2000	68(60.2%)	45(39.8%)	2.68 (1.5–3.05)^*	2.0(1.04–3.85)^*
	> 2000	16(34.8%)	30(65.2%)	7.59 (3.76–15.34)^*	3.0(1.19 –7.63)^*
No of live birth	≤ 2	57(58.8%)	40(41.2%)	1.93 (1.12–3.32)^*	1.15 (0.57–2.29)
	3–5	45(76.3%)	14(23.7%)	0.86 (0.43–1.72)	0.55 (0.23–1.29)
	> 5	110(76.3%)	40 (23.7%)	1	1
Gap of pregnancy in years	< 2	57 (58.8%)	40 (41.2%)	1	1
	2–5	45(76.3%)	14(23.7%	1.89 (0.97–3.67)	1.28(0.54–3.02)
	> 5	110(73.3%)	40(26.7%)	4.73(1.97–11.36)	2.58(0.91–7.30)
ANC visit	Not have ANC	19 (20.2%)	75(79.8%)	0.04(0.01–0.16)	0.46 (0.23–0.94)^*
	Have ANC visit	94(36.6%)	163(63.4%)	1	1
Nutritional information	Yes	135(57.7%)	99(42.3%)	1	1
	No	103(88.0%)	14(12.0%)	0.185 (0.10–0.34)	1.59 (0.61–4.13)
Knowledge	Good knowledge	157 (82.2%)	34 (17.8%)	4.5 (2.78–7.30)	2.32(1.23–4.37)^**
	Poor knowledge	81(50.6%)	79(49.4%)	1	1
Attitude	Positive	156 (79.2%)	41 (20.8%)	3.341(2.09–5.33)	1.90(1.03–3.52)^*
	Negative	82 (53.2%)	72 (46.8%)	1	1

Notes:

* p<0.05.

** p<0.01;

Abbreviations: COR, crude odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio.