The Effect of Socioeconomic and Behavioral Factors on Childhood Stunting in Janamora District, Ethiopia

Figures & data

Table 1 Summary of Sample Size Calculation for the Specific Objective

Factors	95% CI	COR	Power	P1	P2	Sample Size	Non-Response Rate	Final Sample
Child sex	1.96	1.6	80	33.5	16.9	238	10%	262
Child age	1.96	3.8	80	27.8	12.5	88	10%	97
Diarrhea in the last 2 weeks	1.96	2.0	80	28	23.7	340	10%	374

Notes: PI: Proportion among the exposed group, P2: Proportion among non-exposed.

Abbreviation: COR, crude odds ratio.

Table 2 Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics of Children, and Households at Janamora District, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020 (N=839)

Characteristics	Number	Percentage (%)
Sex
Female	427	50.9
Male	412	49.1
Age of child in month
6–12 month of child	155	18.5
13–24 month	223	26.6
25–36 month	215	25.6
37–48 month	158	18.8
49–59 month	88	10.5
Mothers’ educational status
Unable to read and write	546	65.1
Primary educated	276	32.9
Secondary and above	17	2.0
Father Education
Unable to read and write	545	65
Primary educated	249	29.7
Secondary and above	45	5.4
Occupation of Household
Farmer	730	87
House wife	26	3.1
Merchant	83	9.9
Marital Status of mothers
Married	759	90.5
Others	80	9.5
Family size
<5 family member	291	46.6
≥5 family member	448	53.4
Wealth index category
Poorest	163	19.4
Poor	177	21.1
Medium	164	19.5
Rich	179	21.3
Richest	156	18.6
Decision maker on economic related issue
Husband	709	84.5
Spouse	57	6.8
Jointly	73	8.7

Note: Others = single, divorced, separated, and widowed.

Table 3 Maternal Health Service and Child-Caring Practices Janamora District, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020 (N=839)

Characteristics	Number	Percentage (%)
Age of mother when a child was born
< 20 years	56	6.7
20–34 years	500	59.6
≥35 years	233	33.7
ANC visit
No ANC visit	14	1.7
One ANC visit	21	2.5
2–3 ANC visit	677	80.7
≥4 ANC visit	127	15.1
Exclusive breastfeeding
Yes	515	61.38
No	324	38.62
Prelactal feeding
Yes	284	33.8
No	555	66.2
Age of complementary feeding
Before six months	324	38.6
At six months	246	29.3
After six months	269	32.1
Types of food
New food	47	5.6
Leftover food	224	26.7
New and leftover food	568	67.7
Duration of breastfeeding
Less than12 months	29	3.5
12 months to 24 months	295	35.2
Above 24 months	515	61.4
Vaccination status
Fully vaccinated	745	88.8
Current on vaccination	81	9.7
Defaulted	13	1.5
Recurrent diarrhea in the last 2 weeks
Yes	358	42.7
No	481	57.3

Table 4 Hygiene and Sanitation and Mother’s Knowledge of Handwashing During Critical Time Janamora District, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020 (N=839)

Characteristics	Number	Percentage (%)
Source of drink water
Protected	618	73.7
Not protected	221	26.3
Toilet facility availability
Yes	590	70.3
No	249	29.7
Mother’s knowledge on handwashing during critical time
Wash hands after toilet use is important to prevent stunting?
Yes	87	10.4
No	752	89.6
Wash hands after cleaning child who has defecated is important to prevent stunting?
No	123	14.7
Yes	716	85.3
Wash hands before preparing food is important to prevent stunting?
No	340	40.5
Yes	499	59.5
Wash hands before meals is important to prevent stunting?
No	106	12.6
Yes	733	87.4
Wash hands before feeding a child is important to prevent stunting?
No	105	12.5
Yes	734	87.5
Wash hands after routine work is important to prevent stunting?
No	135	16.1
Yes	704	83.9
Knowledge of handwashing during critical time
Good knowledge of handwashing during critical time	663	79.0
Poor knowledge of handwashing during critical time	176	21.0

Table 5 Factors Associated with Stunting Among 6-to-59-Month Children in Janamora District, Northwest Ethiopia, 2020 (N=839)

Variables	Stunted	Not Stunted	COR (95% CI)	AOR (95% CI)
Sex of the child
Male	198	214	1.28 (0.98,1.68)	1.28 (0.94,1.74)
Female	179	248	1	1
Age group of children
6–11 month	70	42	4.5 (2.55,7.94)	2.50 (1.18,5.29)
12–23 month	119	95	3.38 (2.05,5.57)	3.38 (1.95,5.88)
24–35 month	96	118	2.19 (1.33,3.62)	2.33 (1.35,4.01)
36–47 month	62	126	1.33 (0.79,2.23)	1.33 (0.75,2.34)
48–59 month	30	81	1	1
Occupation of household
Farmer	322	398	0.93 (0.59,1.47)	0.87 (0.54,1.48)
House wife	8	18	0.50 (0.19,1.28)	0.43 (0.15,1.21)
Merchant	47	46	1	1
Family size
≥5	246	202	2.41 (1.82,3.20)	2.33 (1.70,3.21)
<5	131	260	1	1
Wealth index category
Poorest	88	75	2.09 (1.33,3.28)	2.79 (1.66,4.68)
Poor	84	93	1.61 (1.04,2.50)	2.15 (1.29,3.57)
Medium	76	88	1.54 (0.98,2.41)	2.09(1.25,3.49)
Rich	73	106	1.23 (0.79,1.91)	1.53 (0.91,2.56)
Richest	56	100	1	1
Age of mothers
<20	21	28	0.62 (0.34,1.13)	0.54 (0.27,1.07)
20–34	252	287	1.03 (0.77,1.38)	0.95 (0.68,1.32)
≥35	104	147	1	1
Duration of breast feeding
Before 12 months	18	11	1.86 (0.86,4.01)	1.12 (0.45,2.78)
12 months to 24 months	118	177	0.78 (0.57,1.01)	0.59 (0.35,1.00)
After 24 months	274	241	1	1
Age of complementary food starting
Before six months	171	153	1.38 (1.0,1.92)	1.58 (1.07,2.34)
At six months	86	160	0.66 (0.47,0.95)	0.58 (0.39,0.88)
After six months	120	1149	1	1
Types of food children who were taking
New Prepared	251	347	1.5 (0.83,2.75)	1.16 (0.56,2.38)
Leftover food	41	35	0.89 (0.66,1.22)	1.32 (0.76,2.33)
Both	85	80	1	1
Prelactal feeding
Yes	148	136	1.55 (1.16,2.06)	0.79 (0.48,1.31)
No	229	326	1	1
Recurrent diarrhea morbidity in the last two weeks
Yes	191	167	1.81 (1.37,2.39)	1.90 (1.23,2.95)
No	186	295	1	1
Vaccination status
Fully vaccinated	310	435	0.86 (0.28,2.57)	0.80 (0.23,2.80
Current on vaccination	56	25	2.61 (0.79,8.57)	1.94 (0.46,8.02)
Defaulted	6	7	1	1
Toilet availability
Yes	238	352	0.52 (0.38,0.69)	0.94 (0.46,1.94)
No	139	110	1	1
Source of drink water
Protected	252	366	0.53 (0.39,0.72)	0.71 (0.35,1.47)
Not protected	126	96	1	1
Mother’s/Caregiver’s Knowledge of handwashing during critical time
Good knowledge	284	379	0.67 (0.48,0.93)	0.64 (0.43,0.92)
Poor knowledge	93	83	1	1

Abbreviations: COR, crude odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio.