The Impact of Maternal Common Mental Disorders on Exclusive Breastfeeding in Eastern Ethiopia: A Prospective Cohort Study

Figures & data

Table 1 Socio-Demographic and Economic Features of Women and Their Infants in the Kersa and Haramaya HDSS, Eastern Ethiopia, 2023

Variables	Categories	End Line (n = 986)
		Frequency	Percent
Age (in years)	<20	90	9.1
	20–35	655	66.4
	>35	241	24.4
Marital status	Married	956	97.0
	Cohabited	21	2.1
	Divorced	4	0.4
	Widowed	5	0.5
Religion	Muslim	983	99.7
	Orthodox Christian	3	0.3
Ethnicity	Oromo	981	99.5
	Amhara	5	0.5
Educational status	Formal education	212	21.5
	Can read and write	25	2.5
	Neither read nor write	749	76.0
Occupation	Farmer	44	4.5
	Housewife	878	89.1
	Others*	64	6.5
Wealth index	Poor	381	38.6
	Middle	365	Housewife
	Rich	240	24.3
Infant sex (n=984)	Male	521	53.0
	Female	463	47.0

Note: *petty trader, student, retired, unemployed.

Table 2 Birth Outcomes Among Pregnant Women in the Kersa and Haramaya HDSS Sites, Eastern Ethiopia, 2023

Variables	Categories	Frequency	Percent
Place of delivery	Hospital	146	14.8
	Health center	257	26.1
	Home	583	59.1
Gestational age at birth	Preterm	110	11.2
	Term	876	88.8
Mode of delivery	Spontaneous vaginal	957	97.1
	Instrumental	20	2.0
	Cesarean section	9	0.9
Mother perceived birth weight	Big	307	31.1
	Normal	518	52.5
	Small	161	16.3
Proportionality of birth weight with duration of pregnancy	Yes	815	82.7
	No	171	17.3
Breathing difficulty at birth	Yes	111	11.3
	No	875	88.7
Presence of congenital anomaly	Yes	22	2.2
	No	964	97.8
Admission to neonatal intensive care unit (n=147)	Yes	16	10.9
	No	131	89.1

Table 3 Maternal Dietary Intake During Pregnancy and Lactation in the Kersa and Haramaya HDSS, Eastern Ethiopia, 2023 (n=986)

Food Groups	Baseline (N=1015)		End Line (n=986)
	Frequency	Percentage	Frequency	Percent
Grains, roots, and tubers	905	89.16	807	81.9
Pulses	533	52.51	344	34.9
Nuts and seeds	272	26.80	274	27.8
Dairy	554	54.58	385	39.1
Meat, poultry, and fish	207	20.39	179	18.2
Eggs	115	11.33	123	12.5
Dark green leafy vegetables	251	24.73	366	37.1
Other vitamin-A-rich vegetables and fruits	332	32.71	396	40.2
Other vegetables	217	21.38	259	26.3
Other fruits	228	22.46	265	26.9
Minimum dietary diversity fulfilled	287	28.3	304	30.8

Table 4 Bivariable and multivariable modified Poisson regression results on the impact of maternal CMD on infant exclusive breastfeeding practice in the Kersa and Haramaya HDSS, Eastern Ethiopia, 2023

Bivariate/ crude analysis
Independent Variable	Categories	Suboptimal EBF		CRR (95% CI)
		Yes	No
Maternal CMD	Prenatal CMD only	165	104	1.18 (1.04, 1.34)*
	Postnatal CMD only	69	66	0.99 (0.82, 1.19)
	Persistent CMD	66	36	1.25 (1.06, 1.47)*
	No CMD at all	249	231	Reference
Multivariate/adjusted analysis
Independent variables	Categories	Suboptimal EBF		ARR (95% CI)
		Yes	No
Maternal CMD	Prenatal CMD	165	104	1.21 (1.04, 1.40)*
	Postnatal CMD	69	66	0.96 (0.81, 1.14)
	Persistent CMD	66	36	1.25 (1.02, 1.52)*
	No CMD at all	249	231	Reference
Maternal functioning	Below mean	343	292	1.12 (0.97, 1.29)
	Mean and above	206	145	Reference
Gestational age at birth	Preterm	78	32	1.22 (1.06, 1.41)*
	Term	471	405	Reference
Proximate birth weight	Small	93	68	1.18 (1.00, 1.39)
	Normal	297	221	1.01 (0.90, 1.13)
	Big	159	148	Reference
Social support	Poor	124	110	0.96 (0.83, 1.11)
	Moderate	196	126	1.08 (0.96, 1.22)
	Strong	229	201	Reference
Extra meal consumption	< 2 meals per day	92	185	1.55 (1.29, 1.86)**
	>= 2 meals per day	457	252	Reference
Postnatal care	No	251	311	1.30 (1.13, 1.50)**
	Yes	298	126	Reference
Infant growth monitoring	No	289	362	1.48 (1.30, 1.69)**
	Yes	260	75	Reference
Child illness	No	445	302	1.32 (1.14, 1.52)**
	Yes	104	135	Reference
Child vaccination	Not vaccinated at all	204	151	1.15 (0.98, 1.35)
	Partially vaccinated	217	200	0.92 (0.81, 1.05)
	Fully vaccinated	128	86	Reference

Notes: *Significant at p<0.05, **Significant at p<0.001.