Vitamin D deficiency and childhood obesity: interactions, implications, and recommendations

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparison of selected pediatric recommendations for vitamin D maintenance and treatment of deficiency

Organization	General recommendation (IU per day)*	Upper limit (IU per day)	Treatment strategy for vitamin D deficiency
Institute of Medicine (IOM)^Citation26	1–3 y: 600	2,500	N/A
	4–8 y: 600	3,000
	9–18 y: 600	4,000
American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)^Citation94	1–18 y: 400	N/A	Children with serum 25(OH)D ≤37.5 nmol/L (15 ng/mL), 5,000 IU per day until stores are replenished
European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN)^Citation93	Healthy diet with vitamin D-containing foods and adequate outdoor activities	1–10 y: 2,000 11–18 y: 4,000	N/A
Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine (SAHM)^Citation29	Adolescents: 600–1,000	4,000	Adolescents with serum 25(OH)D ≤50 nmol/L (20 ng/mL), 50,000 IU weekly for 8 weeks or until serum 25(OH)D >50 nmol/L
Endocrine Society^Citation27	1–18 y: 600–1,000	4,000	Children with serum 25(OH)D ≤50 nmol/L, 2,000 IU per day or 50,000 IU weekly of vitamin D for at least 6 weeks or until serum 25(OH)D >50 nmol/L

Note: *40 IU =1 μg.

Abbreviations: IU, international units; y, years; N/A, not available; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D.

Ross AC. The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Public Health Nutr. 2011;14:938–939.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Wagner CL, Greer FR. Prevention of rickets and vitamin D deficiency in infants, children, and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2008;122:1142–1152.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Braegger C, Campoy C, Colomb V, et al; ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. Vitamin D in the healthy European paediatric population. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2013;56:692–701.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Harel Z, Cromer B, DiVasta AD, Gordon CM. Recommended vitamin D intake and management of low vitamin D status in adolescents: a position statement of the society for adolescent health and medicine. J Adolesc Health. 2013;52:801–803.

 Web of Science ®Google Scholar

Holick MF, Binkley NC, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, et al; Endocrine Society. Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:1911–1930.

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar