Effect of Jian-Pi-Zhi-Dong Decoction on striatal glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid levels detected using microdialysis in a rat model of Tourette syndrome

Figures & data

Figure 1 Effect of JPZDD on stereotypy score in TS rats.

Notes: The figure presents the stereotypy score evaluated during 2 minutes in control, model, Tia, and JPZDD rats at weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the treatment phase (n=12, per group) ^*P<0.05, Tia and JPZDD group vs model group. ^ΔP<0.05, Tia group vs JPZDD group.
Abbreviations: JPZDD, Jian-Pi-Zhi-Dong Decoction; TS, Tourette syndrome; Tia, tiapride.

Figure 2 Effect of JPZDD on autonomic activity in TS rats.

Notes: The figure presents the total distance evaluated during 5 minutes in control, model, Tia, and JPZDD rats at weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4 of the treatment phase (n=12, per group). ^*P<0.05, Tia and JPZDD group vs control group. ^ΔP<0.05, Tia and JPZDD group vs model group.
Abbreviations: JPZDD, Jian-Pi-Zhi-Dong Decoction; TS, Tourette syndrome; Tia, tiapride.

Figure 3 HPLC-FD analysis of five kinds of amino acids.

Notes: (A) Mixed amino acid standards. (B) Amino acids in brain microdialysis. 1: Asp. 2: Glu. 3: Gly. 4: Tau. 5: GABA.
Abbreviations: HPLC-FD, high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detection; Asp, aspartate; Glu, glutamate; Gly, glycine; Tau, taurine; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; min, minutes.

Table 1 The values of the standard curve and linear range of Glu and GABA

Amino acid neurotransmitter	Slope	y Intercept	R^2	Analytical range (µmol/L)
Glu	0.2736	4.216	0.9999	24.85352	1,590.625
	0.2457	115.27	0.9994	1,590.625	25,450
GABA	1.3495	6.3025	0.9982	2.935547	187.875
	1.3051	18.519	1	187.875	3,006

Notes: The calibration standard curves were validated over the analytical range. The precision, accuracy, and linearity were established in the system. A correlation between analyte peak area and concentration of the amino acid was observed with R²≥0.99 for all standard curves.

Abbreviations: Glu, glutamate; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid.

Figure 4 Changes in Glu in dialysates of striatum in TS rats.

Abbreviations: Glu, glutamate; TS, Tourette syndrome; Tia, tiapride; JPZDD, Jian-Pi-Zhi-Dong Decoction.

Figure 5 Changes in GABA in dialysates of striatum in TS rats.

Abbreviations: GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; TS, Tourette syndrome; Tia, tiapride; JPZDD, Jian-Pi-Zhi-Dong Decoction.

Figure 6 Changes in Glu/GABA in dialysates of striatum in TS rats.

Abbreviations: Glu, glutamate; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; TS, Tourette syndrome; Tia, tiapride; JPZDD, Jian-Pi-Zhi-Dong Decoction.

Figure 7 Effect of JPZDD on protein expressions of NMDAR1 and GABA_AR in TS rats.

Notes: (A) NMDAR1 protein expression. (B) GABA_AR protein expression. 1: control group; 2: model group; 3: Tia group; and 4: JPZDD group. ^*P<0.01.
Abbreviations: JPZDD, Jian-Pi-Zhi-Dong Decoction; NMDAR1, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1; GABA_AR, GABA_A receptor; GABA, gamma-aminobutyric acid; TS, Tourette syndrome; Tia, tiapride.

Figure 8 Effect of JPZDD on mRNA expressions of NMDAR1 and GABA_AR in TS rats. Notes: (A) NMDAR1 mRNA expression. (B) GABA_AR mRNA expression. ^*P<0.05. ^**P<0.01.

Abbreviations: JPZDD, Jian-Pi-Zhi-Dong Decoction; NMDAR1, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1; GABA, γ-aminobutyric acid; GABA_AR, GABA_A receptor; TS, Tourette syndrome; Tia, tiapride.