Stress, anxiety, and depression among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder in Oman: a case–control study

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of participants – caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorder (CASD), caregivers of children with intellectual disabilities (CID), and caregivers of typically developing children (CTD) – Oman, 2014

Characteristics	Total (N=454)	CASD (N=220)	Control (N=234)			P-value*
			Total (N=234)	CID (N=109)	CTD (N=125)
	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)
Parent						0.6
Father	215 (47.4)	107 (48.6)	108 (46.2)	50 (45.9)	58 (46.4)
Mother	239 (52.6)	113 (51.4)	126 (53.8)	59 (54.1)	67 (53.6)
Age						0.8
<40 years	254 (56)	124 (56.4)	130 (55.6)	39 (35.5)	91 (72.7)
≥40 years	200 (44)	96 (43.6)	104 (44.4)	70 (64.5)	34 (27.3)
Education						0.4
Illiterate	45 (9.9)	17 (7.8)	28 (12)	22 (20)	6 (4.1)
High school	241 (53.1)	116 (52.7)	125 (53.4)	74 (67.6)	51 (41.1)
University	168 (37.0)	87 (39.5)	81 (34.6)	13 (12.4)	68 (54.8)
Occupation						0.5
Employed	261 (57.5)	132 (60.0)	129 (55.1)	41 (37.6)	88 (70.4)
Unemployed	193 (42.5)	88 (40.0)	105 (44.9)	68 (62.4)	37 (29.6)
Family monthly income (OMR)						0.06
<500	140 (30.8)	59 (26.8)	81 (34.6)	61 (56.2)	20 (16.1)
500–1,000	123 (27.1)	57 (25.9)	66 (28.2)	24 (21.9)	42 (33.9)
>1,000	191 (42.1)	104 (47.3)	87 (37.2)	24 (21.9)	63 (50)

Note:

* P-value has been calculated to compare total cases and controls.

Abbreviation: OMR, Omani Rial.

Table 2 Stress, anxiety, and depression according to the types of caregivers (CASD, CID, and CTD) – Oman, 2014

Characteristics	Total (N=454)	CASD (N=220)	Control (N=234)			P-value*
			Total (N=234)	CID (N=109)	CTD (N=125)
	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)	N (%)
Stress						0.04
No	267 (58.8)	119 (54.1)	148 (63.2)	69 (63.3)	79 (63.4)
Yes	187 (41.2)	101 (45.9)	86 (36.8)	40 (36.7)	46 (36.6)
Anxiety						0.5
No	255 (56.2)	119 (54.1)	136 (58.2)	62 (57)	74 (59.2)
Yes	199 (43.8)	101 (45.9)	98 (41.8)	47 (43)	51 (40.8)
Depression						0.04
No	259 (57.0)	113 (51.4)	146 (62.3)	64 (58.7)	82 (65.6)
Yes	195 (43.0)	107 (48.6)	88 (38.7)	45 (41.3)	43 (34.4)

Note:

* P-value has been calculated to compare between total cases and total controls.

Abbreviations: CASD, caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorders; CID, caregivers of children with intellectual disabilities; CTD, caregivers of typically developing children.

Table 3 Relationship between the status groups (CASD, CID, and CTD) as indicated by the global (DASS-21), Oman, 2014

Outcome	Crude analysis		Adjusted logistic regression*
	OR (CI)	P-value	OR (CI)	P-value
Stress
CTD	1.0		1.0
CID	1.1 (0.7, 1.6)	0.3	1.0 (0.7, 1.7)	0.4
CASD	1.6 (1.1, 2.3)	0.03	1.5 (1.1, 2.4)	0.04
Anxiety
CTD	1.0		1.0
CID	1.1 (0.7, 1.8)	0.3	1.2 (0.7, 1.9)	0.5
CASD	1.3 (0.8, 1.6)	0.5	1.3 (0.8, 2.0)	0.2
Depression
CTD	1.0		1.0
CID	1.4 (0.8, 2.3)	0.2	1.2 (0.7, 2.1)	0.03
CASD	1.8 (1.2, 2.7)	0.01	1.7 (1.1, 2.8)	0.03

Note:

* Adjusted for children’s age, children’s sex, parents’ age, parents’ education, family monthly income, and parents’ job.

Abbreviations: CASD, caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorders; CID, caregivers of children with intellectual disabilities; CTD, caregivers of typically developing children; DASS-21, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale 21; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Table 4 Logistic regression analysis for CASD after adjustment for sociodemographic data, Oman, 2014

Outcome	Crude analysis		Adjusted analysis*
	OR (CI)	P-value	OR (CI)	P-value
Stress				0.001
Father	1.0		1.0
Mother	2.4 (1.6, 3.5)	0.0001	2.8 (1.6, 4.8)
Anxiety				0.001
Father	1.0		1.0
Mother	2.0 (1.3, 2.9)	0.001	3.0 (1.7, 5.2)
Depression				0.001
Father	1.0		1.0
Mother	2.7 (1.8, 3.9)	0.0001	3.4 (1.9, 5.8)

Note:

* Adjusted for children’s age, children’s sex, parents’ age, parents’ education, family monthly income, and parents’ job.

Abbreviations: CASD, caregivers of children with autism spectrum disorders; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.