Aberrant brain stem morphometry associated with sleep disturbance in drug-naïve subjects with Alzheimer’s disease

Figures & data

Figure 1 (A) Statistical maps corrected for age, education, and sex showing brain stem shape deformation associated with NPI sleep-disturbance subscale scores in patients with AD. (B) Group-comparison results of brain stem shape deformation between the AD group and the normal controls. Color coding of the surface reflects the FDR-corrected F-statistic values.

Abbreviations: NPI, Neuropsychiatric Inventory; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; FDR, false-discovery rate.

Figure 2 Negative association between normalized brain stem volumes and NPI sleep-subscale scores in the AD patients (r=−0.33, P=0.024).

Abbreviations: NPI, Neuropsychiatric Inventory; AD, Alzheimer’s disease.

Table 1 Demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants

	Control group (n=40)	AD group (n=44)	P-value
Age (years)	75.2±4.7	76.2±5.7	NS
Education (years)	9.2±2.1	9.2±2.4	NS
Sex (male:female)	14:26	13:31	NS
CDR score	0	1.5±0.5
CERAD-K battery
VF	14.3±2.7	6.3±3.2	<0.0001
BNT	11.1±3.1	7.2±2.3	<0.0001
MMSE	28.7±1.2	21.2±3.1	<0.0001
WLM	17.5±3.2	7.1±3.4	<0.0001
CP	8.9±2.5	6.8±1.9	<0.0001
WLR	7.5±1.5	3.3±1.8	<0.0001
WLRc	10.1±1.4	3.5±1.7	<0.0001
CR	6.5±2.8	3.2±2.9	<0.0001
NPI sleep-disturbance subscale	0	6.7±2.6	<0.0001
Normalized brain stem volume (mm^3)	21,927±1,623.6	18,216.3±2,120.7	<0.0001

Note: Data shown as number or mean ± SD.

Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer’s disease; SD, standard deviation; NS, not significant; CDR, Clinical Dementia Rating; CERAD-K, Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer’s Disease, Korean version; VF, verbal fluency; BNT, Boston Naming Test; MMSE, Mini-Mental Status Examination; WLM, word-list memory; CP, constructional praxis; WLR, word-list recall; WLRc, word-list recognition; CR, constructional recall; NPI, Neuropsychiatric Inventory.