Baicalein improves behavioral dysfunction induced by Alzheimer’s disease in rats

Figures & data

Figure 1 Protective effects of baicalein and rivastigmine on the levels of activity in AD-induced rats in activity cages.

Notes: All data are expressed as mean of movements ± SE. ^a% change; ^bsquare root transformed % change; ^csignificantly different from baseline of the same group at P<0.05; ^dsignificantly different from AD group at P<0.05; ^esignificantly different from rivastigmine when each is used for 4 weeks in combination with AlCl₃ at P<0.05; ^fsignificantly different from same group when given alone for 2 weeks at P<0.05.
Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer’s disease; SE, standard error.

Figure 2 Protective effects of baicalein and rivastigmine on the time taken to find the food in the T-maze by AD-induced rats.

Notes: All data are expressed in seconds as mean ± SE. ^aSignificantly different baseline duration of the same group at P<0.05; ^bsignificantly different from AlCl₃ after 4 weeks induction at P<0.05.
Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer’s disease; SE, standard error.

Figure 3 Protective effects of baicalein and rivastigmine on the time spent on the rotarod by AD-induced rats.

Abbreviation: AD, Alzheimer’s disease.

Figure 4 Protective effects of baicalein and rivastigmine on brain levels of (A): acetylcholine and (B): acetylcholinesterase in AD-induced rats.

Notes: All data are expressed as mean ± SE. ^#P<0.05 compared with the control group; *P<0.05, **P<0.01, and ***P<0.001 compared with the AD control group rats.
Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer’s disease; SE, standard error.

Figure 5 Protective effects of baicalein and rivastigmine on the levels of activity in AD-induced rats in activity cages.

Notes: All data are expressed as mean of movements ± SE. ^a% change; ^bsquare root transformed % change; ^csignificantly different from baseline of the same group at P<0.05; ^dsignificantly different from AD group at P<0.05; ^esignificantly different from same group when given alone for 2 weeks at P<0.05.
Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer’s disease; SE, standard error.

Figure 6 Protective effects of baicalein and rivastigmine on the time taken to find the food in the T-maze by AD-induced rats.

Notes: All data are expressed in seconds as mean ± SE. ^aSignificantly different baseline duration of the same group at P<0.05; ^bsignificantly different from AlCl₃ after 4 weeks induction at P<0.05; ^csignificantly different from baseline of the same group at P<0.05; ^dsignificantly different from AD group at P<0.05; ^esignificantly different from rivastigmine when each is used for 4 weeks in combination with AlCl₃ at P<0.05; ^fsignificantly different from same group when given alone for 4 weeks at P<0.05; ^gcompared with the baicalein (10 mg/kg).
Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer’s disease; SE, standard error.

Figure 7 Protective effects of baicalein and rivastigmine on the time spent on the rotarod by AD-induced rats.

Notes: ^aSignificantly different baseline duration of the same group at P<0.05; ^bsignificantly different from AlCl₃ after 4 weeks induction at P<0.05; ^csignificantly different from baseline of the same group at P<0.05; ^dsignificantly different from AD group at P<0.05; ^esignificantly different from rivastigmine when each is used for 4 weeks in combination with AlCl₃ at P<0.05; ^fsignificantly different from same group when given alone for 4 weeks at P<0.05.
Abbreviation: AD, Alzheimer’s disease.

Figure 8 Protective effects of baicalein and rivastigmine on brain levels of (A) acetylcholine and (B) acetylcholinesterase in AD-induced rats.

Notes: All data are expressed as mean ± SE. ^#P<0.05 compared with the control group; *P<0.05, **P<0.01, and ***P<0.001 compared with the AD control group rats.
Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer’s disease; SE, standard error.

Figure 9 The expression of APP, β-secretases, γ-secretases, β-actin, and Aβ1–42 compared to control.

Notes: Groups: A: Normal; B: AD; C: AD + baicalein (5 mg/kg); D: AD + baicalein (10 mg/kg); and E: AD + rivastigmine (0.3 mg/kg).
Abbreviations: AD, Alzheimer’s disease; APP, amyloid precursor protein.

Figure 10 (A) Image of the brain section of a control rat showing normal histological structure of the hippocampus. (B) Image of the brain section of an Alzheimer’s disease-induced rat’s plaques formation. (C) AD group treated with baicalein (5 mg/kg). (D) AD group treated with baicalein (10 mg/kg). (E) AD group treated with rivastigmine (0.3 mg/kg). The tangle appears as a long pink filament in the cytoplasm (hematoxylin and eosin, 10×).

Abbreviation: AD, Alzheimer’s disease.