Biomarkers in traumatic brain injury (TBI): a review

Figures & data

Table 1 Peripheral and brain S100B levels

A: Maximal estimated contribution to peripheral S100B from the brain and extracranial sources (based on the study by Dadas et al^Citation78)
	Volume of organ (cm^3)	S100B (ng/mg)	Estimated S100B (ng)	% of CNS total	Maximum S100B serum levels (ng/mL)
Liver	1,690	1	2,113	0.02	0.01
Kidney	280	0	70	0.00	0.00
Lung	1,172	4	4,395	0.03	0.02
Muscle	35,000	3	105,000	0.79	0.43
Pancreas	77	2	154	0.00	0.00
Fat	10,000	5	54,600	0.41	0.22
Brain	1,400	96	133,700	1.00	0.55
Stomach	154	3	462	0.00	0.00
Skin	7,800	3	21,450	0.16	0.09

B: Contribution of CNS and peripheral sources to S100B levels
Extracranial	Breast	Myoepithelial cells	10
Neural tissue	Caudate	Glial cells	10
Neural tissue	Cerebellum		10
Neural tissue	Cerebral cortex	Glial cells	10
Neural tissue	Cerebral cortex	Neuropil	10
Neural tissue	Hippocampus	Glial cells	10
Extracranial	Skin	Langerhans	10
Extracranial	Peripheral nerve		10
Extracranial	Adipocytes		10
Extracranial	Adrenal gland	Glandular cells	10
Extracranial	Bone marrow	Hematopoietic cells	5
Extracranial	Breast		0
Extracranial	Bronchus	Epithelial cells	0
Neural tissue	Cerebral cortex	Endothelial cells	0
Extracranial	Intestine		0
Extracranial	Esophagus	Squamous epithelial cells	0
Extracranial	Heart muscle	Myocytes	0
Extracranial	Kidney		0
Extracranial	Liver		0
Extracranial	Lung		0
Extracranial	Lymph node		0
Extracranial	Ovary	Follicle cells	0
Extracranial	Pancreas		0
Extracranial	Parathyroid gland	Glandular cells	0
Extracranial	Salivary gland	Glandular cells	0
Extracranial	Seminal vesicle	Glandular cells	0
Extracranial	Skeletal muscle	Myocytes	0
Extracranial	Small intestine	Glandular cells	0
Extracranial	Spleen		0
Extracranial	Testis		0
Extracranial	Thyroid gland	Glandular cells	0
Extracranial	Tonsil	Germinal center cells	0
Extracranial	Vagina	Squamous epithelial cells	0

Note: The color-coded column refers to data taken from www.proteinatlas.org.

Abbreviation: CNS, central nervous system.

Figure 1 Kinetic behavior of blood biomarkers is predicted in part by their molecular weight and rate of glomerular filtration.

Notes: (A) Biomarkers levels in serum. (B) Time course of biomarker levels after BBBD, measured in serum. (C) Urine levels of biomarkers due to glomelural filtration. Note that the marker with higher m.w., GFAP, is retained in blood longer (B) and appears in urine (C) with a delay.
Abbreviation: GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein.

Figure 2 Behavior of brain biomarkers under conditions of intact (A) or disrupted (B) BBB. See text for details.

Abbreviation: BBB, blood–brain barrier.

Figure 3 Summary of blood biomarkers used in TBI.

Abbreviations: EEG, electroencephalogram; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; PTE, post-traumatic epilepsy; TBI, traumatic brain injury.

DadasAWashingtonJMarchiNJanigroDImproving the clinical management of traumatic brain injury through the pharmacokinetic modeling of peripheral blood biomarkersFluids Barriers CNS20161312127903281

 PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar