Prevalence, symptomatic features, and factors associated with sleep disturbance/insomnia in Japanese patients with type-2 diabetes

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparison of demographic data between control and type-2 DM group

Factors	Control (n=622)		Type-2 DM (n=622)		F/X^2	P-value	ω^2/V
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
Age	56.1	9.56	56.8	9.62	1.83	0.18	0.00
BMI	23.0	3.09	25.7	4.75	144.42**	0.00	0.10
PCS	48.4	6.49	47.1	7.65	9.55**	0.00	0.01
MCS	49.2	7.38	49.0	7.30	0.18	0.67	0.00
CES-D	4.14	5.66	4.08	5.76	0.04	0.84	0.00
Sex					0.00	1.00	0.00
Male	472 (75.9%)		472 (75.9%)
Female	150 (24.1%)		150 (24.1%)
Smoking habit					0.13	0.75	0.00
Yes	159 (25.6%)		164 (26.5%)
No	463 (74.4%)		456 (73.5%)
Habitual alcohol consumption					33.81**	0.00	0.17
Yes	365 (58.7%)		262 (42.2%)
No	257 (41.3%)		359 (57.8%)
Living alone					7.83*	0.01	0.08
Yes	108 (17.4%)		147 (23.8%)
No	514 (82.6%)		471 (76.2%)
Home-based nursing care					4.41*	0.05	0.06
Yes	35 (5.6%)		52 (8.7%)
No	586 (94.4%)		543 (91.3%)
Exercise habit					2.22	0.14	0.04
Yes	250 (40.2%)		223 (36.1%)
No	372 (59.8%)		395 (63.9%)
Occupation					5.73*	0.02	0.08
Yes	289 (83.0%)		458 (76.5%)
No	59 (17.0%)		141 (23.5%)

Notes: Continuous variables are presented as the mean and SD, while categorical variables are presented as number of participants and its percentage. Analysis of variance was used for the comparisons of clinical descriptive variables between control and diabetes groups, whereas chi-square test was conducted for categorical variables.

* P<0.05,

** P<0.01.

Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; PCS, physical component summary from SF-8; MCS, mental component summary from SF-8; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale.

Table 2 Comparison of subitems of PSQI between control and type-2 DM group

Factors	Control (n=622)		Type-2 DM (n=622)		F	P-value	ω^2
	Mean	SD	Mean	SD
PSQI total score	5.23	2.93	5.70	3.17	7.16**	0.01	0.01
C1 (sleep quality)	1.23	0.66	1.22	0.71	0.03	0.85	0.00
C2 (sleep-onset latency)	0.79	0.86	0.87	0.94	2.37	0.12	0.00
C3 (sleep duration)	1.28	0.84	1.41	0.89	7.17**	0.01	0.00
C4 (sleep efficiency)	0.16	0.52	0.32	0.76	19.27**	0.00	0.01
C5 (sleep disturbance)	0.87	0.47	0.91	0.52	2.55	0.11	0.00
C6 (use of sleep medications)	0.24	0.77	0.34	0.92	4.19*	0.04	0.00
C7 (daytime dysfunction)	0.66	0.79	0.69	0.82	0.35	0.56	0.00

Notes:

* P<0.05,

** P<0.01.

Abbreviations: PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; DM, diabetes mellitus; SD, standard deviation.

Figure 1 Comparison of PCS (A), MCS (B), and CES-D (C) scores among four groups categorized by groups and by the cutoff point (5.5) of PSQI total score.

Notes: Error bars indicate standard deviations. *P<0.05. CL-good, good sleepers in the control group; CL-poor, poor sleepers in the control group; DM-good, good sleepers in the type-2 DM group; DM-poor, poor sleepers in the type-2 DM group.
Abbreviations: PCS, physical component summary from SF-8; MCS, mental component summary from SF-8; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

Table 3 Univariate and multivariate logistic regression results for factors associated with insomnia among type-2 DM

Factors	Total n	Insomniacs		Univariate relative risk (95% CI)	P-value	Multivariate relative risk (95% CI)	P-value
		n	%
Sex
Male	442	191	43.2		ns		ns
Female	144	66	45.8
Age	586	257	43.9	0.97 (0.96–0.99)	0.00		ns
BMI	583	257	44.1	1.06 (1.02–1.10)	0.00	1.05 (1.01–1.09)	0.02
HbA1c	576	253	43.9		ns		ns
Smoking habit
Yes	152	80	52.6	1.63 (1.13–2.37)	0.01	1.55 (1.05–2.28)	0.03
No	432	175	40.5
Habitual alcohol consumption
Yes	241	98	40.7		ns		ns
No	344	158	45.9
Living alone
Yes	139	83	59.7	2.32 (1.57–3.43)	0.00	2.22 (1.49–3.32)	0.00
No	444	173	39.0
Home-based nursing care
Yes	47	25	53.2		ns		ns
No	514	219	42.6
Exercise habit
Yes	209	79	37.8	0.68 (0.48–0.96)	0.03		ns
No	374	177	47.3
Occupation
Yes	429	191	44.5		ns		ns
No	135	55	40.7

Note: The cutoff point of PSQI-J was 5.5.

Abbreviations: DM, diabetes mellitus; CI, confidence interval; ns, not significant; BMI, body mass index; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin A1c; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.