Brain functional integration: an epidemiologic study on stress-producing dissociative phenomena

Figures & data

Table 1 Diagnosis number of the psychiatric disorders and personality disorders

	Diagnosis number
Psychiatric disorders
Major depressive disorder	443
Dysthymia	66
Panic disorder	306
Generalized anxiety disorder	376
Obsessive–compulsive disorder	107
Hypomanic episode	48
Social phobia	31
Alcohol abuse disorder	29
Substance abuse disorder	41
Psychotic disorder	50
Eating disorder	24
Personality disorders
Borderline personality disorder	162
Narcissistic personality disorder	102
Histrionic personality disorder	14
Schizotypal personality disorder	3
Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder	46
Dependent personality disorder	13
Avoidant personality disorder	35
Paranoid personality disorder	43

Table 2 The correlation between age and DES

Spearman’s Rho	Total DES score	Dissociative amnesia	Depersonalization/derealization	Imaginative absorption
Age	−0.251*	−0.096	−0.216*	−0.267*

Note:

* p<0.05.

Abbreviation: DES, Dissociative Experience Scale.

Table 3 Comparison between the mean of the total scale scores and the three factors of DES for sociodemographic groups

DES score	Sociodemographic groups	M	SD	SE	F	p-value
Score to the scale total of the DES	Marriageable or single	11.79	10.91	0.52	5.01	0.00
	Married	8.38	10.38	0.61
	Separated	8.71	8.38	1.33
	Widower	7.53	7.59	2.29
Dissociative amnesia	Marriageable or single	23.08	42.15	2.04	0.58	0.68
	Married	19.54	40.22	2.39
	Separated	22.11	34.58	5.61
	Widower	10.91	22.12	6.67
Imaginative absorption	Marriageable or single	136.12	112.92	5.51	8.46	0.00
	Married	91.40	100.29	6.05
	Separated	84.72	69.34	11.56
	Widower	80.00	107.70	34.06
Depersonalization/derealization	Marriageable or single	94.03	104.65	5.16	4.49	0.00
	Married	62.40	97.68	6.02
	Separated	62.57	72.61	12.27
	Widower	55.00	40.62	12.85

Abbreviation: DES, Dissociative Experience Scale.

Table 4 The type and distribution of dissociative experiences in the sample

	Total DES score	Dissociative amnesia	Imaginative absorption	Depersonalization/derealization
Average	10.97	23.48	122.36	87.26
SD	11.06	42.93	110.64	106.12
Number of participants (%)
10	1.07	0.00	10.00	0.00
20	2.14	0.00	30.00	10.00
30	3.78	0.00	50.00	20.00
40	5.36	0.00	70.00	30.00
50	7.50	0.00	90.00	50.00
60	10.07	10.00	110.00	70.00
70	13.21	20.00	160.00	100.00
80	18.21	40.00	202.00	150.00
90	24.57	70.00	280.00	230.00

Abbreviation: DES, Dissociative Experience Scale.

Table 5 The dissociative symptoms

	DES score average	SD	t	p-value
Total DES scores
Subjects with psychiatric disorders	10.97	11.06	23.21	<0.001
Subjects without psychiatric disorders	5.54	6.30
Dissociative amnesia score
Subjects with psychiatric disorders	23.48	42.93	12.69	<0.001
Subjects without psychiatric disorders	7.88	19.39
Imaginative absorption score
Subjects with psychiatric disorders	122.36	110.64	18.88	<0.001
Subjects without psychiatric disorders	71.35	82.74
Depersonalization–derealization score
Subjects with psychiatric disorders	87.26	106.12	23.93	<0.001
Subjects without psychiatric disorders	33.26	45.91

Abbreviation: DES, Dissociative Experience Scale.

Table 6 The correlation between psychopathologic traits and DES

	Total DES score
Somatization	ρ=0.385**
Obsessive compulsiveness	ρ=0.525**
Sensitivity	ρ=0.492**
Depression	ρ=0.458**
Anxiety	ρ=0.449**
Anger–hostility	ρ=0.472**
Phobic anxiety	ρ=0.362**
Paranoid ideation	ρ=0.456**
Psychoticism	ρ=0.506**
GSI	ρ=0.553**

Note:

** p<0.01.

Abbreviations: DES, Dissociative Experience Scale; GSI, general symptomatic index; SCL-90-R, symptom checklist-90-revised.

Table 7 The average scores of the total DES in subjects with narcissistic personality disorder and borderline personality disorder and in other personality disorders

	Total DES score average	SD	ANOVA
			F	p-value
Borderline personality disorder
Without	8.77	9.02	77.74	<0.01
With	17.09	14.42
Narcissistic personality disorder
Without	9.46	9.98	37.17	<0.01
With	16.61	13.63
Histrionic personality disorder
Without	10.30	10.74	0.27	>0.05
With	8.74	7.86
Schizotypal personality disorder
Without	10.25	10.61	2.68	>0.05
With	20.36	27.04
Obsessive–compulsive personality disorder
Without	10.18	10.52	0.83	>0.05
With	11.69	13.20
Dependent personality disorder
Without	10.27	10.71	0.12	>0.05
With	11.33	9.20
Avoidant personality disorder
Without	10.30	10.77	0.12	>0.05
With	9.57	8.33
Paranoid personality disorder
Without	10.11	10.65	3.59	>0.05
With	13.47	10.97

Abbreviations: ANOVA, analysis of variance; DES, Dissociative Experience Scale.

Table 8 Total Dissociative Experience Scale score in subjects affected by major depressive disorder

Factors	B	Beta	t	p-value
Narcissistic personality disorder	4.200	0.092	3.853	<0.001
Borderline personality disorder	2.996	0.085	3.247	<0.001
Substance abuse disorder	4.493	0.065	2.836	0.005
Psychotic disorders	3.663	0.058	2.523	0.012
Covariates
Obsessive compulsiveness (SCL-90-R)	0.338	0.373	7.079	<0.001
Psychoticism (SCL-90-R)	0.344	0.247	4.779	<0.001
Anger/hostility (SCL-90-R)	0.234	0.117	3.269	0.001

Abbreviation: SCL-90-R, symptom checklist-90-revised.