Cognitive behavioral group therapy versus psychoeducational intervention in Parkinson’s disease

Figures & data

Figure 1 Participants’ flow diagram.

Abbreviations: CBT, cognitive behavioral therapy; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale; SCID, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV.

Table 1 Demographic and clinical data of patients with Parkinson’s disease who completed the interventions

	CBT group N=9	Psychoeducational group N=9
Age (years)	60.5±5.6	57.1±5.3
Gender	6M/3F	5M/4F
Education (years)	13.7±7.4	12.4±7.7
Disease duration (years)	7.1±32.4	5.2±2.0
Hoehn and Yahr scale	All patients stage II	All patients stage II
MoCA	29.2±0.9	28.8±1.6
FAB	17.7±0.4	17.2±1.3
SCID-I	Depressive disorders: 2 pts	Depressive disorders: 3 pts
	Adjustment disorder: 3 pts	Adjustment disorder: 3 pts
	Anxiety disorders: 4 pts	Anxiety disorders: 2 pts Pathological Gambling: 1 pt
SCID-II	No diagnosis	No diagnosis

Note: Data presented as mean ± SD.

Abbreviations: CBT, cognitive behavioral therapy; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale; FAB, Frontal Assessment Battery Scale; SCID-I, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders; SCID-II, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Disorders; DSM-IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, version IV; F, female; M, male; pts, patients.

Table 2 Effect of CBT and psychoeducational interventions on neurological symptoms and quality of life

	UPDRS-III		Non-motor symptom scale		PDQ8
	Baseline	Final	Baseline	Final	Baseline	Final
CBT group (N=9)	18.1±7.9	17.1±7.4	21.6±15.5	19.1±14.3*	7.4±4.5	6.3±2.8
Psychoeducational group (N=9)	18.4±3.6	19.5±5.9	18.6±20.2	21.1±20.2	9.1±3.0	10.3±3.4

Notes: No significant differences at baseline between the two groups in any of the scales used. No significant differences in scores between baseline evaluation and final evaluation in the UPDRS-III and PDQ8 scales.

* p=0.041, z=−2.041 (Wilcoxon signed rank tests). Data presented as mean ± SD.

Abbreviations: CBT, cognitive behavioral therapy; UPDRS, Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale; PDQ8, Parkinson’s Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire.

Table 3 Effect of CBT and psychoeducational interventions on psychiatric rating scales

	HAM-A		HAM-D		BPRS		Apathy
	Baseline	Final	Baseline	Final	Baseline	Final	Baseline	Final
CBT group	25.6±7.5	17.9±6.0*	21.7±8.2	17.0±6.8**	34.3±3.7	28.1±4.2*	16.4±7.6	13.9±6.9**
Psychoeducational group	22.2±8.6	22.0±8.5	20.9±7.4	20.7±7.2	32.4±4.5	32.7±4.5	13.1±4.7	14.7±5.3

Notes: Comparing scores obtained at the end of treatment versus scores obtained at baseline.

* p<0.01, z=−2.677;

** p<0.05, z=−2.546. Data presented as mean ± SD.

Abbreviations: CBT, cognitive behavioral therapy; HAM-A, Hamilton Rating Scale for anxiety; HAM-D, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression; BPRS, Brief Psychiatric Rating scale.