Gender-specific association of functional prodynorphin 68 bp repeats with cannabis exposure in an African American cohort

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographics of the African American cohort in the study

Characteristics	Controls	Cases	Total
Total	126	361	487
After exclusion*	122	354	476
Male	50 (41%)	220 (62%)	270 (57%)
Female	72 (59%)	134 (38%)	206 (43%)
Age, years (±SD)	31 ± 9.6	44 ± 10.0	–
Diagnosis groups
Cannabis dependent
Male	–	74 (67%)	110
Female	–	36 (33%)
Alcohol dependent
Male	–	130 (63%)	205
Female	–	75 (37%)
Cocaine dependent
Male	–	141 (64%)	219
Female	–	78 (36%)
Opioid dependent
Male	–	79 (59%)	135
Female	–	56 (41%)

Note:

* Exclusion of close relatives and subjects with low African American genome contribution.

Figure 1 Survival curves for age of first use of cannabis, in all participants with the PDYN SS+SL genotype, compared to the LL genotype.

Note: Data are stratified by gender: (A) males; (B) females.
Abbreviations: LL, long–long; NS, not significant; PDYN, prodynorphin; SL, short–long; SS, short–short.

Figure 2 Number of participants who reported any lifetime use of cannabis, versus no lifetime use of cannabis, in the PDYN SS+SL genotype, compared to the LL genotype.

Note: Data are stratified by gender: (A) males; (B) females.
Abbreviations: LL, long–long; NS, not significant; PDYN, prodynorphin; SL, short–long; SS, short–short.

Figure 3 Number of participants in the “low”, “medium”, and “high” cannabis exposure bins, in the PDYN SS+SL genotype, compared to the LL genotype.

Notes: The bins were composed of participants with cannabis KMSK scores of 0–4, 5–9, and 10–14, respectively. The “high”-exposure bin contains all cannabis KMSK scores greater than or equal to the cut point for optimal concurrent validity with the DSM IV cannabis-dependence diagnosis. Data are stratified by gender: (A) males; (B) females.
Abbreviations: DSM IV, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders–IV; KMSK, Kreek–McHugh–Schluger–Kellogg; LL, long–long; NS, not significant; PDYN, prodynorphin; SL, short–long; SS, short–short.

Table S1 Chi-square test on grouped PDYN genotype distribution in total and gender-specific African American groups

A)	Total cannabis-dependent cohort, n=110			Control, n=122			OR	p-value
	SS	SL	LL	SS	SL	LL
Genotype	32	38	40	27	42	53	1.18 (SS+SL) vs LL	NS
Frequency	29%	35%	36%	22%	34%	44%
B)	Male cannabis-dependent subsample, n=74			Control, n=50			OR	p-value
	SS	SL	LL	SS	SL	LL
Genotype	22	28	24	14	16	20	1.39 (SS+SL) vs LL	NS
Frequency	30%	38%	32%	28%	32%	40%
C)	Female cannabis-dependent subsample, n=36			Control, n=72			OR	p-value
	SS	SL	LL	SS	SL	LL
Genotype	10	10	16	13	26	33	1.06 (SS+SL) vs LL	NS
Frequency	28%	28%	44%	18%	36%	46%

Note: p-value was determined by the Fisher’s exact test.

Abbreviations: LL, long–long; NS, not significant; PDYN, prodynorphin; SL, short–long; SS, short–short.