Suicidality, self-stigma, social anxiety and personality traits in stabilized schizophrenia patients – a cross-sectional study

Figures & data

Table 1 Sample description: demographic, clinical, and measured data

Category	Number or mean ± SD
Number of patients	48
Age (years)	34.9 ± 10.4
Sex: men/women	24/24
Education: basic/vocational training/secondary/university	9/17/13/9
Occupation: yes/no	26/22
Pension: no/full/partial	26/17/5
Marital status: single/married/divorced	35/8/5
Partner: yes/no	13/35
Number of hospitalizations	3.0 ± 2.7
Duration of the treated disorder	6.5 ± 9.1
Onset of the disorder	27.7 ± 10.1
Positive family history: no/yes	24/24
Suicidality item from MINI	0.5 ± 0.5
PANSS total	59.3 ± 13.4
PANSS positive 1–7	11.3 ± 3.2
PANSS negative 1–7	15.8 ± 4.5
PANSS general 1–16	32.2 ± 7.5
objCGI-S	2.8 ± 0.9
BDI-II	15.0 ± 11.1
ADHS-total	40.7 ± 11.0
ISMI-total	61.0 ± 14.5
LSAS-total	91.9 ± 24.9
Novelty seeking	97.7 ± 11.0
Harm-avoidance	110.8 ± 18.0
Reward dependence	95.3 ± 10.2
Persistence	105.1 ± 16.5
Self-directedness	133.1 ± 15.5
Cooperativeness	126.1 ± 12.0
Self-transcendence	72.8 ± 16.1
Antipsychotic index (calculated to risperidone daily dose) (n = 48)	5.5 ± 4.0
Antidepressant index (calculated to paroxetine daily dose) (n = 21)	26.9 ± 12.7
Anxiolytic index (calculated to diazepam daily dose) (n = 7)	9.3 ± 4.5

Abbreviations: MINI, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview; PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; objCGI-S, objective (clinician) evaluation of Clinical Global Impression-Severity scale; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory – second edition; ADHS, Adult Dispositional Hope Scale; ISMI, Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness; LSAS, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale; SD, standard deviation.

Table 2 Correlation coefficients and statistical significance between suicide index and demographic, clinical, and psychological factors

Finding	Correlation with the suicidal index	Effect size	P-value	Significance after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons
Age (years)	−0.03	–	ns	ns
Number of hospitalizations	0.29	–	< 0.05	ns
Duration of the treated disorder	0.24	S	< 0.01	P < 0.05
Onset of the disorder	−0.32	–	< 0.05	ns
objCGI-S	0.40	M	< 0.01	P < 0.05
BDI-II	0.41	M	< 0.01	P < 0.05
LSAS-total	0.47	M	< 0.001	P < 0.01
PANSS total	0.42	M	< 0.01	P < 0.05
PANSS positive	0.44	M	< 0.01	P < 0.05
PANSS negative	0.06	–	ns	ns
PANSS general	0.48	M	< 0.001	P < 0.01
ADHS-total	−0.43	M	< 0.01	P < 0.05
ISMI-total	0.51	L	< 0.001	P < 0.01
Novelty seeking	0.18	–	ns	ns
Harm-avoidance	0.54	L	< 0.001	P < 0.01
Reward dependence	0.16	–	ns	ns
Persistence	−0.28	–	ns	ns
Self-directedness	−0.39	–	< 0.01	ns
Cooperativeness	0.01	–	ns	ns
Self-transcendence	0.06	–	ns	ns
Antipsychotic index (n = 48)	0.22	–	ns	ns
Antidepressant index (n = 21)	0.48	–	< 0.05	ns

Note: Effect sizes: the Bonferroni correction – the significance of correlation after dividing the basic level of significance (0.05) by the number of measured calculations.

Abbreviations: objCGI-S, objective (clinician) evaluation of Clinical Global Impression-Severity scale; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory – second edition; LSAS, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale; PANSS, positive and negative syndrome scale; ADHS, Adult Dispositional Hope Scale; ISMI, Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness; S, small; M, medium; L, large; ns, not significant.

Table 3 Suicidality index and the gender, level of education, employment and partnership

Category	Mean suicidal index ± SD	Statistics	Effect size
Men (n = 24)	0.44 ± 0.63	Mann–Whitney test: ns	–
Women (n = 24)	0.47 ± 0.51	Mann–Whitney U = 239.5
Without job (n = 23)	0.52 ± 0.59	Mann–Whitney test: ns	–
With job (n = 25)	0.4 ± 0.5	Mann–Whitney U = 260
Without pension (n = 26)	0.27 ± 0.45	Mann–Whitney test: P < 0.05;	L
With pension (n = 22)	0.68 ± 0.57	Mann–Whitney U = 177.5
Single (n = 35)	0.49 ± 0.56	Kruskal–Wallis test: ns	–
Married (n = 8)	0.50 ± 0.53	Kruskal–Wallis U = 1.30
Divorced (n = 5)	0.20 ± 0.45
Education: basic/vocational (n = 26)	0.50 ± 0.58	Kruskal–Wallis test: ns	–
Education: secondary (n = 13)	0.46 ± 0.52	Kruskal–Wallis U = 0.55
Education: university (n = 9)	0.33 ± 0.50
Without heredity (n = 24)	0.33 ± 0.48	Mann–Whitney test: ns	–
With heredity (n = 24)	0.58 ± 0.58	Mann–Whitney U = 224
Without comorbid depression (n = 34)	0.35 ± 0.54	Mann–Whitney test: P < 0.05;	M
With comorbid depression (n = 14)	0.71 ± 0.49	Mann–Whitney U = 150
Without comorbid anxiety disorder (n = 10)	0.40 ± 0.52	Mann–Whitney test: ns	–
With comorbid anxiety disorder (n = 38)	0.47 ± 0.56	Mann–Whitney U = 179
Without social phobia (n = 31)	0.29 ± 0.46	Mann–Whitney test: P < 0.05;	L
With social phobia (n = 17)	0.76 ± 0.56	Mann–Whitney U = 149.5

Abbreviations: ns, not significant; M, medium; L, large.

Table 4 The results of the first multiple regression analysis of suicidal index as dependent variable

Regressors	B	SE	β	t	Significance
Pension	0.304	0.097	0.384	3.140	0.003
PANSS total	−0.068	0.019	−1.679	−3.585	0.001
PANSS positive	0.107	0.032	0.633	3.396	0.002
PANSS general	0.094	0.032	1.287	2.903	0.006
BDI-II	0.016	0.006	0.334	2.804	0.008
ANOVA: F = 9.621 df = 46; P < 0.001 Adjusted r squared = 0.489

Abbreviations: PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; BDI-II, Beck Depression Inventory – second edition; ANOVA, analysis of variance; SE, standard error.

Table 5 The results of the second multiple regression analysis of suicidal index as dependent variable

Regressors	B	SE	β	t	Significance
Pension	0.224	0.098	0.282	2.284	0.028
Harm-avoidance	0.011	0.004	0.359	2.848	0.007
PANSS total	−0.065	0.019	−1.599	−3.386	0.002
PANSS positive	0.074	0.031	0.429	2.358	0.023
PANSS general	0.102	0.033	1.401	3.146	0.003
ANOVA: F = 9.284 df = 46; P < 0.001 Adjusted r squared = 0.474

Abbreviations: PANSS, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale; ANOVA, analysis of variance; SE, standard error.