Incidence of venous thromboembolism in psychiatric inpatients: a chart review

Figures & data

Figure 1 Selection of participants.

Notes: After applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, there were 1,681 hospitalizations. There were 431 patients who underwent D-dimer assessment as part of the VTE screening, 243 patients with D-dimer levels ≥1 µg/mL, and 101 patients who underwent contrast-enhanced CT.
Abbreviations: C-ECT, continuous-electroconvulsive therapy; CT, computed tomography; VTE, venous thromboembolism.

Table 1 Details of VTE-positive cases

Patients with VTE	Catatonia patients, N=11 (%)	Noncatatonic restrained patients, N=11 (%)	Noncatatonic unrestrained patients, N=17 (%)	Total, N (%)
PE + DVT	3 (7.7)	1 (2.6)	7 (17.9)	11 (28.2)
PE only	5 (12.8)	8 (20.5)	6 (15.4)	19 (48.7)
DVT only	3 (7.7)	2 (5.1)	4 (10.3)	9 (23.1)

Abbreviations: DVT, deep vein thrombosis; PE, pulmonary embolism; VTE, venous thromboembolism.

Table 2 Clinical and demographic characteristics of VTE-positive and VTE-negative patients

Patients underwent contrast-enhanced CT	VTE-positive, N=39	VTE-negative, N=62	P-value
Age (years)a			0.50
<65	20	36
≥65	19	26
Sexa			0.22
Male	11	25
Female	28	37
BMIa			0.61
<18.5	8	15
≥18.5 and <25.0	19	24
≥25.0	12	23
Catatoniaa			0.031*
Absent	28	55
Present	11	7
Days of restrainta			0.41
0	24	34
1–6	4	15
≥7	11	13
Days of restraint of lower extremitiesb			0.25
0	35	54
1–6	0	4
≥7	4	4
Prevention of VTEb			0.39
None	17	29
GCS without IPC	17	30
IPC	5	3
History of VTEb			0.67
Absent	36	59
Present	3	3
ICD-10a			0.28
F2	13	18
F3	19	24
Others	7	20
Antipsychotics dosage, CPZE mg/daya			0.42
0	16	33
>0 and <300	10	16
≥300 and <600	5	7
≥600	8	6
Antidepressants dosage, IMPE mg/daya			0.53
0	23	43
>0 and <150	11	12
≥150	5	7
Malignancyb			1.00
Absent	37	59
Present	2	3
Surgery within 4 weeksb			0.64
Absent	37	60
Present	2	2
Trauma within 4 weeksb			0.40
Absent	38	57
Present	1	5
Diabetesa			0.65
Absent	34	52
Present	5	10

Notes: Values are presented as number. P-values with significant results are labeled with an asterisk.

a Chi-squared test.

b Fisher’s exact test.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CPZE, chlorpromazine equivalents; GCS, graduated compression stockings; ICD-10, International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision; IMPE, imipramine equivalent; IPC, intermittent pneumatic compression; VTE, venous thromboembolism.

Table 3 Predictive factors for VTE

Variables	VTE-positive	Odds ratio	95% CI	P-value
Age
<65		1
≥65		1.28	0.52–3.14	0.48
Sex
Male		1
Female		1.56	0.62–3.89	0.59
Catatonia
Absent	28/83 (33.7%)	1
Present	11/18 (61.1%)	3.01	1.01–8.92	0.047^*
Days of restraint
0		1
1–6		0.41	0.12–1.45	0.17
≥7		1.37	0.48–3.91	0.56

Notes: Values are presented as numbers. P-values with significant results (<0.05) are labeled with an asterisk.

Abbreviation: VTE, venous thromboembolism.