Harm avoidance and depression, anxiety, insomnia, and migraine in fifth-year medical students in Taiwan

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of study participants

Characteristics	Total (N = 143)
Gender, n (%)
Male	94 (65.73)
Female	49 (34.27)
Age (years), mean ± SD	23.53 ± 1.88
HA score, mean ± SD	17.47 ± 6.83
Anxiety score, mean ± SD	5.38 ± 5.04
Anxiety level, n (%)
Slight	109 (76.22)
Mild	28 (19.58)
Moderate	6 (4.2)
Severe	0 (0)
Depression score, mean ± SD	6.84 ± 6.07
Depression level, n (%)
Normal	120 (83.92)
Mild	17 (11.89)
Moderate	5 (3.5)
Severe	1 (0.7)
Insomnia score, mean ± SD	5.18 ± 4.43
Insomnia frequency, n (%)
None	108 (75.52)
Initial	31 (21.68)
Intermediate	3 (2.1)
End of study	1 (0.7)
Migraine disability score, mean ± SD	2.85 ± 6.59
Migraine disability level, n (%)
Little/none	118 (82.52)
Mild	12 (8.45)
Moderate	9 (6.34)
Severe	4 (2.8)
MIDAS: days of headache, mean ± SD	3.46 ± 7.94
MIDAS: level of headache, mean ± SD	1.75 ± 2.04

Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; HA, harm avoidance; MIDAS, Migraine Disability Assessment Scale.

Table 2 Factors associated with headache days

Characteristics	Univariate		Multivariate
	β ± SE	P-value	Adjusted β ± SE	P-value
Gender
Male	−2.03 ± 1.39	0.147
Female	Reference
Age (years)	−0.35 ± 0.35	0.328
HA score	0.13 ± 0.1	0.188	−0.07 ± 0.09	0.419
Anxiety score	0.62 ± 0.12	<0.001*	0.35 ± 0.14	0.013*
Depression score	0.4 ± 0.1	<0.001*	0.08 ± 0.12	0.507
Insomnia score	0.47 ± 0.15	0.001*	0.2 ± 0.14	0.171
Migraine disability score	0.63 ± 0.09	<0.001*	0.56 ± 0.08	<0.001*

Note:

* P<0.05, factor significantly associated with headache days.

Abbreviations: SE, standard error; HA, harm avoidance.

Table 3 Factors associated with anxiety

Characteristics	Univariate		Multivariate
	β ± SE	P-value	Adjusted β ± SE	P-value
Gender
Male	−1.09 ± 0.89	0.221
Female	Reference
Age (years)	−0.53 ± 0.22	0.019*	−0.36 ± 0.18	0.045*
HA score	0.23 ± 0.06	<0.001*	0.05 ± 0.05	0.352
Depression score	0.48 ± 0.06	<0.001*	0.31 ± 0.07	<0.001*
Insomnia score	0.51 ± 0.09	<0.001*	0.23 ± 0.08	0.007*
Migraine disability score	0.18 ± 0.06	0.005*	0.01 ± 0.06	0.888
MIDAS: days of headache	0.25 ± 0.05	<0.001*	0.13 ± 0.05	0.013*
MIDAS: level of headache	0.4 ± 0.21	0.052

Note:

* P<0.05, factor significantly associated with anxiety.

Abbreviations: SE, standard error; HA, harm avoidance; MIDAS, Migraine Disability Assessment Scale.

Table 4 Factors associated with depression

Characteristics	Univariate		Multivariate
	β ± SE	P-value	Adjusted β ± SE	P-value
Gender
Male	−0.74 ± 1.07	0.490
Female	Reference
Age (years)	−0.23 ± 0.27	0.393
HA score	0.37 ± 0.07	<0.001*	0.22 ± 0.06	<0.001*
Anxiety score	0.69 ± 0.08	<0.001*	0.42 ± 0.09	<0.001*
Insomnia score	0.64 ± 0.10	<0.001*	0.33 ± 0.10	0.001*
Migraine disability score	0.19 ± 0.08	0.015*	0.005 ± 0.07	0.948
MIDAS: days of headache	0.23 ± 0.06	<0.001*	0.03 ± 0.06	0.598
MIDAS: level of headache	0.61 ± 0.25	0.015*	0.28 ± 0.21	0.190

Note:

* P<0.05, significantly associated with depression.

Abbreviations: SE, standard error; HA, harm avoidance; MIDAS, Migraine Disability Assessment Scale.

Table 5 Factors associated with insomnia

Characteristics	Univariate		Multivariate
	β ± SE	P-value	Adjusted β ± SE	P-value
Gender
Male	0.06 ± 0.78	0.94
Female	Reference
Age (years)	−0.05 ± 0.2	0.812
HA score	0.12 ± 0.05	0.026*	−0.02 ± 0.05	0.684
Anxiety score	0.39 ± 0.07	<0.001*	0.22 ± 0.08	0.009*
Depression score	0.34 ± 0.05	<0.001*	0.23 ± 0.07	0.001*
Migraine disability score	0.06 ± 0.06	0.312
MIDAS: days of headache	0.15 ± 0.05	0.001*	0.04 ± 0.04	0.356
MIDAS: level of headache	0.19 ± 0.18	0.289

Note:

* P<0.05, significantly associated with insomnia.

Abbreviations: SE, standard error; HA, harm avoidance; MIDAS, Migraine Disability Assessment Scale.

Table 6 Correlation matrix for multivariate regression analysis results

Characteristics	Statistics	MIDAS: days of headache	HA score	Depression score	Anxiety score	Migraine disability score
MIDAS: days of headache	Pearson γ	1
	P-value	–
HA score	Pearson γ	−0.04	1
	P-value	0.632	–
Depression score	Pearson γ	0.306	−0.035	1
	P-value	0.0002*	0.681	–
Anxiety score	Pearson γ	0.392	−0.018	0.573	1
	P-value	<0.001*	0.835	<0.001*	–
Migraine disability score	Pearson γ	0.526	−0.051	0.203	0.235	1
	P-value	<0.001*	0.542	0.015*	0.005*	–

Note:

* Significant correlation.

Abbreviations: MIDAS, Migraine Disability Assessment Scale; HA, harm avoidance.