Trajectories of callous–unemotional traits from childhood to adolescence in referred youth with a disruptive behavior disorder who received intensive multimodal therapy in childhood

Figures & data

Table 1 Descriptive variables

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15
1. CU T1	1.00
2. CU T2	0.79	1.00
3. CU T3	0.69	0.89	1.00
4. CU T4	0.45	0.47	0.55	1.00
5. SES	−0.03	−0.04	−0.04	0.01	1.00
6. CD diagnosis T1	0.30	0.29	0.35	0.04	0.12	1.00
7. Externalizing T1	0.33	0.29	0.31	0.30	−0.08	0.25	1.00
8. AA	0.11	0.08	0.01	0.18	0.08	−0.03	0.04	1.00
9. METH	0.00	0.00	0.04	0.03	−0.21	0.04	0.07	−0.16	1.00
10. STAB	0.21	0.21	0.23	0.07	−0.07	0.22	0.11	−0.10	−0.09	1.00
11. Positive parenting	−0.42	−0.51	−0.46	−0.43	0.04	−0.10	−0.12	−0.09	0.01	−0.25	1.00
12. Negative parenting	−0.01	0.02	−0.03	0.07	−0.01	−0.18	0.05	−0.05	−0.01	0.03	−0.16	1.00
13. CD diagnosis T4	0.46	0.48	0.58	0.48	0.18	0.38	0.16	0.09	−0.13	0.28	−0.30	−0.01	1.00
14. Substance use T4	0.35	0.57	0.62	0.66	0.08	0.24	0.15	0.23	−0.05	0.08	−0.37	0.12	0.53	1.00
15. MH T4	0.10	0.08	0.13	0.44	0.13	0.00	0.16	0.36	0.08	−0.01	−0.15	0.10	0.14	0.35	1.00
Mean	27.583	23.974	21.545	23.024	2.826	1.252	70.159	0.159	0.121	0.056	58.617	21.052	0.103	5.917	0.171
SD	5.38	6.11	6.32	6.58	0.70	0.43	4.79	0.036	0.033	0.023	5.61	3.27	0.33	2.38	0.388

Notes: Time (T) 1= ages 8–9 (pretest), T2=18 months after the pretest (posttest 1), T3=34–36 months after the pretest (posttest 2), and T4=70–72 months after the pretest (posttest 3).

Abbreviations: AA, antipsychotic; CD, conduct disorder; CU, callous–unemotional; METH, methylphenidate; MH, referrals to mental health services; SES, socioeconomic status; STAB, mood stabilizer.

Figure 1 Sample and estimated means for the CU traits trajectory.

Notes: Time (T) 1= ages 8–9 (pretest), T2=18 months after the pretest (posttest 1), T3=34–36 months after the pretest (posttest 2), and T4=70–72 months after the pretest (posttest 3).
Abbreviations: CU, callous–unemotional; Inventory of Callous–Unemotional Traits.

Table 2 Conditional model with time-invariant predictors and outcomes

Predictors	Intercept Beta (SE)	Linear slope Beta (SE)	Quadratic slope Beta (SE)
SES	−0.204 (0.64)	−0.264 (0.589)	0.109 (0.154)
CD diagnosis	2.037 (1.080)a	1.685 (0.996)	−0.613 (0.261)b
Externalizing T1	0.260 (0.094)b	−0.038 (0.087)	0.016 (0.023)
AA	1.200 (1.217)	−0.488 (1.121)	0.208 (0.221)
METH	−0.115 (1.381)	0.150 (1.284)	0.029 (0.340)
STAB	1.405 (2.202)	0.266 (1.851)	−0.182 (0.478)
Positive parenting	−0.368 (0.084)c	−0.119 (0.078)	0.023 (0.021)
Negative parenting	0.048 (0.143)	−0.032 (0.134)	0.009 (0.036)
Predictors	CD_T4 Beta (SE)	Substance Beta (SE)	MH (SE)
SES	0.070 (0.038)a	0.106 (0.229)	0.074 (0.049)
CD diagnosis	0.171 (0.068)b	1.015 (0.413)b	0.028 (0.089)
Externalizing T1	0.007 (0.006)	−0.055 (0.037)	0.005 (0.008)b
AA	0.020 (0.077)	0.799 (0.468)	0.346 (0.101)c
METH	−0.111 (0.087)	−0.457 (0.528)	0.187 (0.115)
STAB	0.225 (0.112)a	−0.447 (0.687)	0.071 (0.147)
Positive parenting	0.004 (0.006)	0.011 (0.037)	−0.001 (0.008)
Negative parenting	−0.001 (0.010)	0.117 (0.060)a	0.011 (0.013)
Intercept	0.036 (0.007)c	0.243 (0.042)c	0.012 (0.008)
Linear slope	0.096 (0.022)c	1.235 (0.146)c	0.097 (0.029)c
Quadratic slope	0.316 (0.077)c	3.725 (0.479)c	0.423 (0.102)c

Notes: Values are unstandardized estimates.

a P<.05;

b P<.01;

c P<.001. Time (T) 1= ages 8–9 (pretest); T4=70–72 months after the pretest (posttest 3).

Abbreviations: AA, antipsychotic; CD, conduct disorder; METH, methylphenidate; MH, referrals to mental health services; SES, socioeconomic status; STAB, mood stabilizer.