CBT-I and HT-I group therapy for adults with insomnia in comparison to those with insomnia and comorbid depression – a pilot study

Figures & data

Table 1 Sample description at baseline

Variable	M (SD)	Min	Max
Age (years)	43.86 (13.08)	21	65
Duration of sleep problems (years)	9.47 (9.69)	0.5	41

Variable	Number	Percent
Gender
Male	12	32.4
Female	25	67.6
Medication
Yes	19	51.4
No	18	48.6
Type of medication
Homeopathic	2	10.5
Antidepressant	7	36.8
Others	10	52.6
Depression
Yes	10	27.0
No	27	73.0
Severity of depression
Normal	18	48.6
Mild	9	24.3
Moderate	2	5.4
Severe	8	21.6

Note: n=37.

Abbreviation: M, mean.

Table 2 Group comparisons of depressive vs nondepressive participants at baseline

Variable	Depressive	Nondepressive	t(35)	P-value	Cohen’s d
	M (SD)	M (SD)
Age (years)	41.30 (13.45)	44.81 (13.07)	0.72	0.476	–
Duration of sleep problems (years)	9.75 (9.62)	9.36 (9.89)	0.11	0.916	–
Sleep-onset latency	36.33 (20.61)	27.91 (29.19)	0.84	0.409	–
Number of WASO	1.44 (1.20)	1.57 (1.14)	0.30	0.859	–
Duration of WASO	38.36 (53.16)	26.30 (25.93)	1.04	0.359	–
Total sleep time (minutes)	357.17 (81.52)	390.36 (58.36)	1.38	0.177	–
Sleep efficiency	75.09 (16.83)	78.13 (11.30)	0.63	0.530	–
Mood in the morning	3.27 (0.80)	2.70 (0.71)	2.10*	0.042*	0.78
Mood in the evening	3.23 (0.80)	2.53 (0.71)	2.58*	0.014*	0.96
Regeneration	3.78 (0.83)	3.06 (0.81)	2.39*	0.021*	0.89
Performance	3.38 (0.97)	2.64 (0.66)	2.66*	0.012*	0.99
Psychological distress (SCL-90-R)	69.70 (9.44)	56.76 (9.80)	3.60**	0.001**	1.33

Notes: t = statistics for group comparisons; P = probability,

* P<0.05,

** P<0.01; Cohen’s d = effect size. The significant results are shown in bold.

Abbreviations: M, mean; WASO, wake after sleep onset.

Table 3 Descriptives and analysis of variance for depressive and nondepressive patients

Parameter	Time	Depressivea					Nondepressiveb
		M	SD	F (3/78)	P-value	ηp^2	M	SD	F (3/78)	P-value	ηp^2
Sleep-onset latency	t0	36.33	6.52	3.789	0.022*	0.296	27.91	5.62	0.044	0.945	0.002
	t1	27.03	2.40				27.88	5.69
	t2	20.82	4.14				29.01	8.72
	t3	30.29	4.99				27.69	8.15
Number of WASO	t0	1.44	0.38	2.605	0.109	0.224	1.57	0.22	2.142	0.123	0.076
	t1	1.26	0.35				1.76	0.29
	t2	0.93	0.37				1.48	0.30
	t3	0.86	0.37				1.36	0.25
Duration of WASO	t0	38.36	16.81	3.593	0.061#	0.285	26.30	5.00	4.221	0.017*	0.140
	t1	37.78	16.52				33.13	5.13
	t2	21.31	9.78				24.33	4.29
	t3	17.36	8.29				17.42	3.52
Total sleep time	t0	357.17	25.78	1.610	0.210	0.152	390.36	11.23	0.840	0.476	0.031
	t1	377.98	20.22				382.81	12.63
	t2	383.59	19.05				391.94	12.55
	t3	405.51	15.75				398.32	10.04
Sleep efficiency	t0	75.09	5.32	3.987	0.059#	0.307	78.13	2.18	4.153	0.017*	0.138
	t1	75.15	5.34				76.30	2.34
	t2	83.01	3.41				80.02	2.49
	t3	84.27	2.29				82.02	2.09
Mood in the morning	t0	3.27	0.25	1.544	0.226	0.146	2.70	0.14	2.021	0.118	0.072
	t1	3.20	0.22				2.75	0.14
	t2	3.07	0.25				2.67	0.14
	t3	2.89	0.26				2.52	0.14
Mood in the evening	t0	3.23	0.25	1.689	0.193	0.158	2.53	0.14	0.655	0.583	0.025
	t1	3.06	0.25				2.58	0.14
	t2	3.07	0.18				2.51	0.16
	t3	2.86	0.30				2.41	0.13
Regenerationc	t0	3.78	0.26	5.043	0.018*	0.375	3.06	0.16	0.542	0.655	0.020
	t1	3.60	0.23				3.12	0.15
	t2	3.34	0.26				3.00	0.15
	t3	3.10	0.24				2.97	0.15
Performancec	t0	3.38	0.31	0.345	0.793	0.037	2.64	0.13	2.743	0.049*	0.095
	t1	3.33	0.15				2.76	0.12
	t2	3.29	0.27				2.72	0.13
	t3	3.18	0.29				2.45	0.13

Notes: t0 = Baseline, t1 = premeasurement, t2 = post measurement, t3 = 3-months follow-up;

a n=10,

b n=27;

c Six-point Likert scale 1 =very good to 6 =very bad;

# P<0.10,

* P<0.05. The significant results are shown in bold.

Abbreviations: M, mean; SD, standard deviation; WASO, wake after sleep onset; η_p², partial squared eta.

Figure 1 Mean scores of ADS scale for depressive and nondepressive patients over time.

Notes: t0 = Baseline, t1 = premeasurement, t2 = post measurement, t3 = 3-months follow-up; ^#P<0.10, *P<0.05 **P<0.01.
Abbreviation: ADS, anxiety and depression scale.

Figure 2 Mean scores of SCL-90-R subscale depression for depressive and nondepressive patients over time.

Notes: t0 = Baseline, t1 = premeasurement, t2 = post measurement, t3 = 3-months follow-up; ^#P<0.10, *P<0.05.