Inefficient understanding of non-factive mental verbs with social aspect in adults: comparison to cognitive factive verb processing

Figures & data

Table 1 Ptaarticipants’ distribution according to age group, gender, and educational level

Adult participants	Age range (years)	Mean	SD	Gender		Education				Mean (SD)
				Male	Female	Low (0–9 years)	Middle (10–12 years)	Upper (> 1 3 years/ Technical School)	High (> 13 years/ University)	GDS	MMSE
Young (n=30)	18–30	23.3	3.9	14	16	–	10	9	II
Middle-aged (n=22)	35-58	48.9	6.7	12	10	–	8	8	6
aOlder (n=42)	65-95	74.4	7.7	21	21	15	8	9	10	17(1.7)	28.6 (1.6)
Young-old (n=34)	65-80	71.4	4.8	17	17	9	8	8	9	17(1.7)	28.8 (1.5)
Old-old (n=8)	82-95	86.8	4.5	4	4	6	-	1	1	1.8 (1.8)	28.0 (2.1)
Total sample (N=94)	18-95	52.1	23.1	47	47	15	26	26	27

Note:

a The age group of older adults is divided into two subgroups: the young-old adults and the old-old adults.

Abbreviations: GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination.

Table 2 Participants’ distribution according to scores regarding the ability to draw inferences from non-factive mental verbs with the social aspect

SMVUT score	Non-factive verbs in affirmative form		Non-factive verbs in negative form
	Frequency	Percent	Frequency	Percent
0	47	50	36	38.3
1	21	22.3	13	13.8
2	11	11.7	11	11.7
3	8	8.5	13	13.8
4	5	5.3	9	9.6
5	2	2.1	8	8.5
6	–	–	4	4.3

Abbreviation: SMVUT, Social Mental Verb Understanding Task.

Table 3 Participants’ distribution according to scores regarding the ability to draw inferences from cognitive factive mental verbs

CMVUT score	Factive verbs in affirmative form		Factive verbs in negative form
	Frequency	Percent	Frequency	Percent
0	–	–	–	–
1	–	–	1	1.1
2	–	–	–	–
3	1	1.1	2	2.1
4	5	5.3	22	23.4
5	20	21.3	32	34.0
6	68	72.3	37	39.4

Abbreviation: CMVUT, Cognitive Mental Verb Understanding Task.

Table 4 Mean performance of the sample (N=94) on the subtasks of the SMVUT

SMVUT subtasks	Mean	Skewness	Kurtosis	SD
Propose/affirmative	0.32	1.60	1.60	0.57
Propose/negative	0.60	0.85	−0.88	0.79
Agree/affirmative	0.51	0.98	−0.29	0.68
Agree/negative	0.72	0.55	−1.29	0.82
Promise/affirmative	0.20	2.33	4.71	0.48
Promise/negative	0.53	0.90	−0.39	0.68

Abbreviation: SMVUT, Social Mental Verb Understanding Task.

Figure 1 MIMIC model examining the impact of working memory capacity on the underlying structure of the SMVUT standardized solution.

Notes: All paths drawn indicate significant associations (P<0.05). Errors are shown in parentheses.
Abbreviations: MIMIC, Multiple Indicators Multiple Causes; SMVUT, Social Mental Verb Understanding Task.