Association between reduced quality of life and depression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cohort study in a Mexican population

Figures & data

Table 1 Sociodemographic characteristics of the studied population

Sociodemographic characteristics	n=173	Percentage
Gender
Female	125	72.3
Male	48	27.7
Age (years)
<29	10	5.8
30–65	127	73.4
>65	36	20.8
Age mean ± SD (minimum–maximum)	55.06±13.72	(18–87)
Body mass index (kg/m^2)
Normal	29	16.8
Overweight	62	35.8
Obese	82	47.4
Marital status
Married	108	62.4
Single	30	17.3
Widowed	18	10.4
Divorced	17	9.8
Education
Up to 6 years	98	56.6
More than 6 years	75	43.4
Socioeconomic level
Medium	50	28.9
Low	123	71.1
Occupation
Does not work	24	13.9
Housewife	84	48.6
Student	5	2.9
Part-time job	33	19.1
Full-time job	27	15.5

Table 2 Clinical characteristics of diabetic patients included in the present study

Diabetes features	n=173	Percentage
Diagnosis of diabetes
1–10 years	55	31.8
11–19 years	65	37.6
20 and ↑	53	30.6
Hb1ac (%)
7.5↓	54	31.2
7.5 and ↑	119	68.8
Mean ± SD (minimum–maximum)	8.81±2.44	(5.40–21.10)
Drug use
Insulin
Yes	131	75.7
No	42	24.3
Hypoglycemic therapy
Yes	161	93.1
No	12	6.9
Antihypertensive
Yes	103	59.5
No	70	40.5
Heart disease
Yes	99	57.2
No	74	42.8
Cerebral vascular event
Yes	12	6.9
No	161	93.1
Hyperlipidemia
Yes	114	65.9
No	59	34.1
Liver disease
Yes	25	14.5
No	148	85.5
Neuropathy
Yes	55	31.8
No	118	68.2
Nephropathy
Yes	42	24.3
No	131	75.7
Depression
Yes	33	19.1
No	140	80.9

Table 3 Comparison between sociodemographic characteristic and quality of life in patients with T2DM

Characteristic	General health	Physical function	Role limitation due to physical health	Role limitations due to emotional problems	Energy/fatigue	Emotional well-being	Social function	Pain
Gender
Female	49.00±22.96	71.36±28.81	65.80±43.82	72.00±42.41	60.76±28.12	68.32±24.50	81.20±25.57	70.22±24.18
Male	49.47±22.62	75.72±31.99	69.79±44.04	85.41±29.89	68.85±27.79	77.83±23.95	84.11±26.51	77.50±23.45
P-value	0.90	0.74	0.59	0.04	0.09	0.02	0.50	0.07
Age (years)
<29	42.00±22.50	82.50±29.17	75.00±42.49	70.00±48.30	60.50±22.54	68.80±28.01	81.25±33.97	76.00±33.33
30–65	47.95±23.07	75.51±28.14	68.50±43.78	74.54±41.03	62.00±28.84	69.92±25.78	81.69±25.57	74.44±23.62
>65	55.27±21.24	59.44±32.04	59.02±44.38	81.48±32.31	67.22±27.50	75.22±19.21	83.33±24.82	63.40±21.60
P-value	0.14	<0.08	0.43	0.58	0.59	0.50	0.94	0.04
Body mass index (kg/m^2)
Normal	44.82±21.93	71.55±25.67	68.10±41.13	71.26±41.52	58.44±22.91	69.37±22.20	81.89±24.68	64.74±25.62
Overweight	47.09±21.26	76.20±28.45	75.40±39.84	79.56±36.39	65.96±25.07	72.96±22.67	83.46±23.60	74.31±23.28
Obese	52.19±24.05	70.18±31.92	60.06±46.78	74.39±41.67	62.37±31.90	70.00±26.99	80.94±27.93	73.32±24.03
P-value	0.22	0.47	0.11	0.59	0.47	0.72	0.84	0.18
Education
Up to 6 years	49.08±22.27	68.21±30.95	61.73±45.57	77.89±37.36	62.85±28.31	71.55±24.61	82.65±25.36	72.21±23.30
More than 6 years	49.20±23.63	78.26±27.13	73.66±40.66	72.88±42.69	63.20±28.22	70.18±24.86	81.16±26.50	72.26±25.35
P-value	0.97	0.02	0.07	0.41	0.93	0.72	0.70	0.99
Status
Married	52.40±22.65	76.57±27.54	69.67±43.77	80.24±37.86	67.08±27.64	72.48±24.89	85.99±21.18	74.81±22.47
Single	47.16±21.99	75.83±28.10	78.33±36.39	75.55±38.08	60.83±28.58	70.80±25.12	80.83±28.94	79.41±20.46
Widowed	46.38±23.56	50.00±29.75	45.83±46.37	68.51±41.96	58.05±26.79	68.88±25.39	73.61±32.05	56.25±22.19
Divorced	34.70±19.56	65.29±35.77	51.47±45.47	54.90±47.05	46.17±27.18	63.76±22.11	67.64±33.67	60.14±31.91
P-value	0.02	<0.01	0.03	0.08	0.02	0.57	0.01	<0.001
Occupation
Does not work	41.25±21.68	50.62±34.43	54.16±49.27	76.38±37.40	59.37±30.22	65.00±25.76	70.83±30.76	64.16±27.49
Housewife	49.22±23.17	69.04±30.24	62.79±44.33	72.61±42.08	60.47±28.10	67.90±24.45	79.61±27.08	67.88±25.51
Student	48.00±28.41	94.00±13.41	100.0±.00	80.00±44.72	68.00±30.94	72.80±27.04	90.00±22.36	89.00±13.29
Part-time job	56.06±21.74	84.54±23.69	81.81±36.58	83.83±34.48	74.09±23.86	81.69±17.43	93.18±11.73	82.57±17.51
Full-time job	47.59±21.98	84.44±15.70	66.66±43.85	74.07±40.64	59.62±29.54	72.29±28.77	84.25±25.84	77.22±19.14
P-value	0.19	<0.001	0.04	0.74	0.15	0.05	0.01	<0.01
Socioeconomic level
Medium	51.30±20.44	82.10±23.69	73.50±42.07	78.00±37.25	65.10±24.79	74.16±20.15	86.50±17.64	76.30±22.56
Low	48.25±23.72	68.69±31.07	64.22±44.36	74.79±40.78	62.15±29.51	69.65±26.23	80.18±28.31	70.58±24.64
P-value	0.42	<0.01	0.20	0.63	0.53	0.27	0.14	0.15

Note: Numbers in bold show significant statistical difference.

Abbreviation: T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 4 Comparison between clinic characteristic and quality of life in patients with T2DM

Characteristic	General health	Physical function	Role limitation due to physical health	Role limitations due to emotional problems	Energy/fatigue	Emotional well-being	Social function	Pain
Diabetes duration (years)
1–10	51.36±25.39	77.54±26.99	70.45±41.41	72.12±42.43	64.72±28.19	69.60±28.36	81.13±28.95	71.90±24.54
11–19	46.07±21.31	72.84±29.72	65.38±44.78	77.43±39.57	60.92±26.88	70.70±22.12	85.57±21.10	74.03±24.16
20↑	50.56±21.74	67.07±31.88	65.09±45.55	77.35±37.42	63.77±30.07	72.67±23.84	78.53±27.44	70.37±23.98
P-value	<0.389	<0.187	<0.769	<0.720	<0.743	<0.808	<0.324	<0.712
Biochemical measurements
HbA1c (%)
7.5 and ↓	48.43±22.72	66.47±33.21	61.27±46.72	67.97±44.70	64.31±26.66	72.47±22.95	79.16±26.29	68.52±25.88
7.5↑	49.42±22.92	75.12±27.85	69.26±42.49	78.96±37.16	62.45±28.89	70.32±25.40	83.19±25.60	73.79±23.30
P-value	<0.794	<0.081	<0.275	<0.097	<0.694	<0.604	<0.350	<0.192
Triglycerides (mg/dL)
150 and ↓	50.08±20.13	75.08±30.23	71.18±43.25	76.27±40.13	65.50±27.36	69.42±24.95	84.11±25.62	74.23±24.94
150↑	48.64±24.14	71.27±29.47	64.69±44.10	75.43±39.67	61.71±28.64	71.75±24.57	80.92±25.93	71.20±23.75
P-value	<0.694	<0.425	<0.357	<0.896	<0.402	<0.557	<0.442	<0.435
Cholesterol (mg/dL)
200 and ↓	50.97±23.06	76.34±27.37	74.22±40.89	79.72±38.05	66.28±26.94	71.50±23.84	84.40±24.74	73.37±25.16
200↑	46.77±22.40	67.76±31.97	57.56±45.82	70.61±41.44	58.81±29.34	70.26±25.80	78.94±26.94	70.78±22.84
P-value	<0.230	<0.059	<0.013	<0.135	<0.084	<0.743	<0.168	<0.486
Drug use
Insulin
Yes	48.93±22.97	71.29±30.25	65.83±44.52	76.33±39.11	61.60±28.17	69.52±24.60	82.06±25.80	73.91±22.91
No	49.76±22.52	76.54±27.86	70.23±41.77	73.80±41.99	67.38±28.11	75.42±24.57	81.84±26.07	67.02±27.24
P-value	<0.838	<0.320	<0.573	<0.721	<0.249	<0.178	<0.963	<0.108
Hypoglycemic therapy
Yes	49.68±21.14	73.13±29.55	66.30±44.12	76.60±39.23	63.85±28.60	72.07±24.72	82.99±25.17	73.12±23.98
No	41.66±22.89	65.00±31.98	75.00±39.88	63.88±45.96	51.66±19.34	56.00±18.91	68.75±31.30	60.41±24.06
P-value	<0.241	<0.361	<0.509	<0.286	<0.149	<0.065	<0.029	<0.079

Note: Number in bold showed significant statistical difference.

Abbreviation: T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Table 5 Comparison of SF-36 dimensions among patients with T2DM with and without depression

SF-36 measure	Domain and SF-36 dimensions	Patients without depressive symptoms (CES-D <16), mean ± SD	Patients with depressive symptoms (CES-D ≥16), mean ± SD	P-value
Physical health	Physical function	74.78±28.85	63.18±31.81	0.04
	Role limitation due to physical health	73.03±41.12	40.90±45.85	<0.001
	Pain	74.62±22.84	62.12±27.09	<0.01
	General health	52.50±22.43	34.84±18.68	<0.001
Mental health	Energy/fatigue	68.92±25.52	37.87±25.24	<0.001
	Social function	86.87±20.73	61.36±34.14	<0.001
	Emotional well-being	77.62±19.86	42.66±23.10	<0.001
	Role limitation due to emotional problems	85.47±31.02	34.34±46.01	<0.001
Summary scores	Physical component summary	69.13±22.30	52.09±25.60	<0.001
	Mental component summary	78.14±19.36	42.18±26.52	<0.001

Note: Numbers in bold showed significant statistical different.

Abbreviations: CES-D, Clinical Epidemiological Studies of Depression; SF-36, Short Form-36; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus.