Violence in persons with and without psychosis in the Czech Republic: risk and protective factors

Figures & data

Table 1 Comparisons of men and women with and without psychotic disorders

Characteristic	Women				Men
	Psychotic disorders	No psychotic disorder	Test statistics (df)	P-value	Psychotic disorders	No psychotic disorder	Test statistics (df)	P-value
	N=65	N=65			N=93	N=93
Mean (SD) age in years	44.7 (13.9)	44.6 (14.9)	F=0.00 (1)	0.981	36.3 (13.9)	36.9 (14.0)	F=0.09 (1)	0.768
% completed
Elementary school	4.6	4.6	χ^2=0.00 (3)	1.000	23.7	23.7	χ^2=0.00 (3)	1.000
Secondary technical	21.5	21.5			26.9	26.9
Secondary general	52.3	52.3			36.6	36.6
University	21.5	21.5			12.9	12.9
% single	35.4	23.1	χ^2=2.38 (1)	0.123	81.7	55.9	χ^2=14.43 (1)	<0.001
% employed	21.5	80.0	χ^2=44.44 (1)	<0.001	20.4	75.3	χ^2=56.04 (1)	<0.001
% with diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder	15.4	3.1	χ^2=5.88 (1)	0.015	7.7	2.2	χ^2=3.04 (1)	0.081
Substance misuse in past 1 year
Mean (SD) of AUDIT score	3.3 (4.9)	4.5 (5.8)	F=1.72 (1)	0.192	4.5 (4.7)	8.4 (6.2)	F=23.75 (1)	<0.001
Mean (SD) of DUDIT score	2.0 (5.8)	0.2 (0.8)	F=6.41 (1)	0.013	2.4 (4.9)	2.2 (5.5)	F=0.04 (1)	0.843
Physical victimization in last 6 months, % experienced
Moderate physical assaults	21.5	15.4	χ^2=0.81 (1)	0.366	21.5	17.2	χ^2=0.55 (1)	0.158
Serious physical assaults	15.4	1.5	χ^2=8.04 (1)	0.005	7.5	3.2	χ^2=1.69 (1)	0.193
Any physical assault	36.9	16.9	χ^2=6.60 (1)	0.010	29.0	20.4	χ^2=1.85 (1)	0.174
Childhood maltreatment
% moderate physical abuse	10.8	18.5	χ^2=1.54 (1)	0.214	5.4	11.8	χ^2=2.46 (1)	0.117
% serious physical abuse	10.8	12.3	χ^2=0.08 (1)	0.784	5.4	7.5	χ^2=0.36 (1)	0.551
% any physical abuse	21.5	30.8	χ^2=1.43 (1)	0.231	10.8	19.4	χ^2=2.70 (1)	0.101
% moderate sexual abuse	9.2	4.6	χ^2=1.07 (1)	0.300	5.4	4.3	χ^2=0.12 (1)	0.733
% serious sexual abuse	23.1	15.4	χ^2=1.24 (1)	0.266	5.4	4.3	χ^2=0.12 (1)	0.733
% any sexual abuse	32.3	20.0	χ^2=2.55 (1)	0.110	10.9	8.6	χ^2=0.27 (1)	0.603
% any childhood maltreatment (sexual or physical abuse)	46.2	41.5	χ^2=2.81 (1)	0.596	19.4	25.8	χ^2=1.11 (1)	0.293
Assaultive behavior in past 6 months, % engaged in
Moderate physical assaults	33.8	12.3	χ^2=8.49 (1)	0.004	29.0	12.9	χ^2=7.30 (1)	0.007
Serious physical assaults	4.6	1.5	χ^2=1.03 (1)	0.310	12.9	3.2	χ^2=5.87 (1)	0.015
Any physical assault	38.5	13.8	χ^2=10.19 (1)	0.001	41.9	16.1	χ^2=15.03 (1)	<0.001

Abbreviations: AUDIT, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; DUDIT, the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test.

Table 2 Unadjusted ORs of assaultive behavior for selected factors, by group of participants, bootstrappeda results

Factor	Group of participants						Total matched sample
	With a psychotic disorder			No psychotic disorder
	OR	(95% CI)b	P-value	OR	(95% CI)b	P-value	OR	(95% CI)b	P-value
Age	0.97***	(0.942–0.990)	0.006	0.93***	(0.900–0.969)	<0.001	0.96***	(0.942–0.978)	<0.001
Male sex	1.16	(0.613–2.177)	0.655	1.20	(0.491–2.919)	0.693	1.16	(0.705–1.893)	0.567
Education (lower than university)	1.66	(0.599–4.590)	0.331	2.40	(0.673–8.556)	0.177	1.77	(0.758–4.092)	0.188
Marital status (ever married)	0.64	(0.331–1.242)	0.188	0.19***	(0.062–0.591)	0.004	0.35***	(0.200–0.620)	<0.001
Employed	0.39**	(0.167–0.931)	0.034	0.67	(0.205–2.192)	0.509	0.30***	(0.166–0.540)	<0.001
Childhood maltreatment	3.27***	(1.670–6.405)	0.001	4.54***	(1.602–12.85)	0.004	3.15***	(1.877–5.271)	<0.001
AUDIT	1.09**	(1.006–1.174)	0.034	1.08**	(1.006–1.159)	0.034	1.04*	(1.000–1.084)	0.052
DUDIT	1.07*	(0.996–1.138)	0.065	1.27***	(1.139–1.419)	<0.001	1.13***	(1.063–1.197)	<0.001
Posttraumatic stress disorder	0.43	(0.128–1.442)	0.171	NA	–	–	0.61	(0.175–2.098)	0.429
Physical victimization	5.13***	(2.409–10.94)	<0.001	10.3***	(3.737–28.52)	<0.001	7.09***	(3.922–12.819)	<0.001
Psychotic disorder	–	–	–	–	–	–	3.80***	(2.060–7.014)	<0.001
Number of participants		158			158			316

Notes:

a Number of bootstrap replications =100;

b Normal based 95% CI; NA represents not applicable.

* P<0.1;

** P<0.05;

*** P<0.01.

Abbreviations: AUDIT, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; DUDIT, the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test.

Table 3 Adjusted ORs derived from logistic regression models predicting assaultive behavior among participants with a psychotic disorder, N=158, bootstrappeda results

Factor, covariate	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4		Model 5		Model 6		Model 7
	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Increasing age	0.95 (0.923–0.988)	0.008	0.97 (0.940–0.992)	0.010	0.97 (0.942–0.995)	0.020	0.97 (0.942–0.997)	0.030	0.97 (0.940–0.992)	0.012	0.96 (0.936–0.989)	0.006	0.96 (0.934–0.991)	0.012
Male sex	0.80 (0.327–1.974)	0.633	0.76 (0.524–3.302)	0.559	0.81 (0.389–1.702)	0.584	0.88 (0.406–1.906)	0.746	0.78 (0.405–1.520)	0.473	1.01 (0.441–2.329)	0.975	1.16 (0.486–2.758)	0.741
Ever married	1.11 (0.416–2.984)	0.830
Employed	0.28 (0.101–0.795)	0.017											0.29 (0.089–0.941)	0.039
Childhood maltreatment			3.81 (1.635–8.866)	0.002									2.40 (0.926–6.224)	0.071
AUDIT					1.07 (0.986–1.155)	0.109							1.10 (0.987–1.223)	0.085
DUDIT							1.03 (0.954–1.120)	0.415
Posttraumatic stress disorder									0.47 (0.138–1.616)	0.232
Physical victimization											5.43 (2.714–10.877)	<0.001	5.46 (2.007–14.868)	0.001
Model fit statistics
Partial LR test (df), P-value	8.28 (2), 0.016		12.01 (1), <0.001		3.18 (1), 0.075		0.97 (1), 0.324		1.650 (1), 0.199		21.35 (1), <0.001		39.05 (4), <0.001
Correctly predicted (%)	65.2		64.6		63.3		67.1		64.1		69.6		75.3
Wald χ^2 (df), P-value	11.72 (4), 0.020		13.16 (3), 0.004		8.38 (3), 0.039		7.85 (3), 0.049		8.92 (3), 0.030		28.29 (3), <0.001		30.90 (6), <0.001
McFadden R^2	0.079		0.097		0.055		0.045		0.047		0.141		0.224
Cox and Snell R^2	0.101		0.122		0.072		0.059		0.061		0.173		0.260
Nagelkerke R^2	0.137		0.165		0.097		0.080		0.083		0.233		0.352
Hosmer and Lemeshow test: χ^2 (df), P-value	6.14 (8), 0.632		7.07 (8), 0.530		9.68 (8), 0.288		12.84 (8), 0.118		2.48 (8), 0.963		14.72 (8), 0.065		9.68 (8), 0.288

Notes:

a Number of bootstrap replications =100; normal based 95% CIs. Partial LR test ~ likelihood ratio test comparing the model term(s) against the baseline model with independent variables of “Increasing age” and “Male sex” only. Regression models were checked for collinearity among the independent variables. The variance inflation factor (VIF) did not exceed value of 1.60 in any regression model presented in Table 3. The highest VIFs were found in Model 1 by sociodemographic variables of “Increasing age” and “Ever married” (VIFs of 1.40 and 1.58, respectively).

Abbreviations: AUDIT, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; DUDIT, the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test.

Table 4 Adjusted ORs derived from logistic regression models predicting assaultive behavior among participants without a psychotic disorder, N=158, bootstrappeda results

Factor, covariate	Model 1		Model 2		Model 3		Model 4		Model 5		Model 6		Model 7
	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value	OR (95% CI)	P-value
Increasing age	0.94 (0.880–0.996)	0.037	0.92 (0.871–0.971)	0.002	0.92 (0.884–0.968)	0.001	0.94 (0.896–0.988)	0.015	0.93 (0.891–0.973)	0.002	0.95 (0.904–1.001)	0.056	0.92 (0.862–0.991)	0.027
Male sex	0.48 (0.125–1.870)	0.293	1.04 (0.309–3.507)	0.949	0.52 (0.152–1.768)	0.294	0.42 (0.098–1.788)	0.240	0.76 (0.236–2.471)	0.652	0.81 (0.229–2.871)	0.745	0.52 (0.092–2.919)	0.455
Ever married	0.42 (0.061–2.843)	0.371
Employed	0.25 (0.059–1.085)	0.064											0.19 (0.020–1.851)	0.154
Childhood maltreatment			6.79 (2.222–20.749)	0.001									11.38 (1.579–82.038)	0.016
AUDIT					1.10 (1.005–1.197)	0.038							1.03 (0.916–1.157)	0.623
DUDIT							1.24 (1.094–1.408)	0.001					1.21 (0.962–1.526)	0.102
Posttraumatic stress disorder									Not applicable	–
Physical victimization											6.71 (2.537–17.734)	<0.001	7.86 (1.591–38.810)	0.011
Model fit statistics
Partial LR test (df), P-value	7.33 (2), 0.026		14.52 (1), <0.001		6.98 (1), 0.008		16.19 (1), <0.001		Not applicable		13.89 (1), <0.001		46.42 (5), <0.001
Correctly predicted (%)	84.8		87.3		86.1		88.0		84.8		88.6		90.5
Wald χ^2 (df), P-value	15.28 (4), 0.004		14.38 (3), 0.002		17.19 (3), 0.001		18.48 (3), <0.001		14.54 (2), <0.001		24.77 (3), <0.001		16.70 (7), 0.019
McFadden R^2	0.159		0.212		0.156		0.225		0.104		0.207		0.449
Cox and Snell R^2	0.127		0.165		0.125		0.174		0.085		0.162		0.318
Nagelkerke R^2	0.221		0.288		0.217		0.304		0.148		0.283		0.554
Hosmer and Lemeshow test: χ^2 (df), P-value	5.75 (8), 0.675		9.14 (8), 0.331		11.23 (8), 0.189		5.86 (8), 0.663		4.12 (8), 0.846		6.82 (8), 0.556		2.58 (8), 0.958

Notes:

a Number of bootstrap replications =100; normal based 95% confidence intervals. Partial LR test ~ likelihood ratio test comparing the model term(s) against the baseline model with independent variables of “Increasing age” and “Male sex” only. Regression models were checked for collinearity among the independent variables. The highest variance inflation factor (VIF) were found in Model 1 by sociodemographic variables of “Increasing age” and “Ever married” (VIFs of 2.33 and 1.96, respectively). In all other models, the VIFs did not exceed value of 1.60.

Abbreviations: AUDIT, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test; DUDIT, the Drug Use Disorders Identification Test.