Association between insomnia and coping style in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Figures & data

Table 1 Characteristics of subjects with and without insomnia

Characteristics	With insomnia (n=141)	Without insomnia (n=362)	Significance
Sex
Male, n (%)	68 (48)	224 (62)	P<0.01
Female, n (%)	73 (52)	138 (38)
Age (years)	61.3±13.6	64.9±11.9	P<0.01
BMI	26.1±4.7	24.7±4.0	P<0.01
HbA1c (%)	7.1±1.0	7.1±0.8	ns
Smoking habit
Yes, n (%)	24 (17)	55 (15)	ns
No, n (%)	117 (83)	307 (85)
Habitual alcohol consumption
Yes, n (%)	39 (28)	121 (33)	ns
No, n (%)	102 (72)	241 (67)
Exercise frequency
No, n (%)	87 (62)	186 (51)
Once a week, n (%)	10 (7)	22 (6)
2–3 times a week, n (%)	22 (16)	52 (14)	ns
4–5 times a week, n (%)	12 (9)	35 (10)
Almost every day, n (%)	19 (13)	67 (18)
Single
Yes, n (%)	51 (36)	99 (27)	ns
No, n (%)	90 (64)	263 (73)
Living alone
Yes, n (%)	25 (18)	38 (10)	P<0.05
No, n (%)	116 (82)	324 (90)
Depression (CES-D)	17.1±8.7	11.6±6.8	P<0.001
Coping profile
Active solution	6.3±2.5	6.2±2.7	ns
Seeking help for a solution	8.1±2.7	8.0±2.9	ns
Changing mood	7.8±2.6	8.2±2.6	ns
Emotional expression involving others	10.9±1.7	11.2±1.5	ns
Avoidance and suppression	9.1±2.2	9.5±2.1	P<0.05
Changing one’s point of view	7.8±2.4	7.5±2.8	ns

Notes: Data are shown as mean ± SD. Current insomnia is defined as ≥5.5 on the PSQI-J.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; ns, no significance; PSQI-J, Japanese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

Table 2 Logistic regression results for factors associated with insomnia among type 2 DM patients

Variables	Wald	Significance	Exp(β)	95% CI
Sex	6.19	0.013	1.68	1.12–2.52
Age
BMI	8.01	0.005	1.07	1.02–1.12
HbA1c
Smoking
Alcohol
Exercise frequency
Single
Living alone	5.11	0.024	1.93	1.09–3.40
Coping profile
Active solution
Seeking help for a solution
Changing mood
Emotional expression involving others
Avoidance and suppression	6.13	0.013	0.88	0.80–0.97
Changing one’s point of view	3.91	0.048	1.09	1.11–1.19

Note: Current insomnia is defined as ≥5.5 on the PSQI-J.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; PSQI-J, Japanese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.

Table 3 Simple and multiple regression results for factors associated with the severity of insomnia among type 2 DM patients

Variables	r	Significance	β	Significance
Sex	0.129	0.002	0.111	0.012
Age	−0.098	0.014	−0.097	0.029
BMI	0.100	0.013
HbA1c	0.024	0.296
Smoking	−0.045	0.159
Alcohol	0.014	0.379
Exercise frequency	−0.028	0.265
Single	0.134	0.001
Living alone	0.142	0.001	0.151	<0.000
Coping profile
Active solution	−0.017	0.057
Seeking help for a solution	0.022	0.315
Changing mood	−0.043	0.170
Emotional expression involving others	−0.074	0.048
Avoidance and suppression	−0.104	0.010	−0.111	0.013
Changing one’s point of view	0.071	0.057	0.112	0.013
Multiple correlation coefficients			0.255	<0.000

Notes: Current insomnia is defined as ≥5.5 on the PSQI-J. Bold indicates significance.

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; DM, diabetes mellitus; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; PSQI-J, Japanese version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.