Construct validity and reliability of the Tachikawa Resilience Scale in the Japan Ground Self-Defense Force personnel

Figures & data

Table 1 Demographic characteristics of deployed personnel and scores of the TRS and other measures

Demographic characteristics	n (%)	Median (IQR)
Total	281 (100)
Age		33.0 (28.0–38.0)
Males	269 (95.7)
Military rank, officer	61 (21.7)
Married	163 (58.0)
With children	140 (49.8)
Previous deployment experience, yes	61 (21.7)
Measures scores
TRS		52.0 (46.0–59.0)
RCS-JS		46.0 (69.0–85.5)
K6		1.0 (0.0–3.0)

Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; K6, The Kessler Screening Scale for Psychological Distress; RCS-JS, The Resilience Competence Scale – Japanese Short Version; TRS, The Tachikawa Resilience Scale.

Figure 1 Scree plot of the TRS.

Notes: EFA revealed only one factor with an eigenvalue (5.34) >1. This factor included 53.4% of the variance. This scree plot shows that one factor was suitable.
Abbreviations: EFA, exploratory factor analysis; TRS, The Tachikawa Resilience Scale.

Table 2 Means, standard deviations, correlations with the TRS total score, Cronbach’s α if item was deleted, and factor loading of each item of the TRS

TRS item	Mean (SD)	TRS total score		Cronbach’s α if item was deleted	Factor loading
		ρ	P-value
1	5.7 (1.1)	0.77	<0.001	0.89	0.61
2	5.6 (1.1)	0.70	<0.001	0.89	0.58
3	5.1 (1.5)	0.78	<0.001	0.89	0.78
4	5.1 (1.4)	0.75	<0.001	0.89	0.76
5	5.2 (1.4)	0.65	<0.001	0.90	0.60
6	5.2 (1.3)	0.76	<0.001	0.89	0.76
7	5.1 (1.5)	0.72	<0.001	0.89	0.69
8	4.9 (1.5)	0.76	<0.001	0.89	0.68
9	5.5 (1.2)	0.71	<0.001	0.89	0.66
10	5.6 (1.3)	0.64	<0.001	0.90	0.59

Note: ρ = Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient.

Abbreviation: TRS, The Tachikawa Resilience Scale.

Table 3 Correlation between the TRS and the RCS-JS

Variable	RCS-JS
	Total	Connection	Optimism	Mental agility	Self- awareness	Self- regulation	Character strength
TRS total
ρ	0.64	0.34	0.66	0.54	0.41	0.59	0.48
P-value	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001

Note: ρ = Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient.

Abbreviations: RCS-JS, The Resilience Competence Scale – Japanese Short Version; TRS, The Tachikawa Resilience Scale.

Table 4 Results of hierarchical multivariate regression analysis

Variable	K6 (n=281)
	R^2	ΔR^2	P-value	B	SE	β	P-value
Step 1	0.07	0.07	0.002
Age				0.08	0.03	0.22	0.005
Sexa				1.74	0.81	0.13	0.033
Military rankb				−0.61	0.43	−0.12	0.062
Marital statusc				−0.54	0.55	−0.10	0.327
With childrend				−0.22	0.54	−0.04	0.679
Previous deployment experiencee				−0.33	0.41	−0.05	0.424
Step 2A	0.25	0.18	<0.001
Age				0.05	0.03	0.13	0.064
Sexa				0.95	0.74	0.07	0.199
Military rankb				−0.69	0.29	−0.14	0.019
Marital statusc				−0.20	0.50	−0.04	0.690
With childrend				−0.52	0.49	−0.09	0.294
Previous deployment experiencee				−0.01	0.37	−0.00	0.982
TRS				−0.12	0.02	−0.43	<0.001
Step 2B	0.23	0.16	<0.001
Age				0.06	0.03	0.15	0.030
Sexa				1.38	0.74	0.10	0.065
Military rankb				−0.58	0.29	−0.12	0.051
Marital statusc				−0.51	0.50	−0.09	0.315
With childrend				−0.24	0.50	−0.04	0.622
Previous deployment experiencee				0.12	0.38	0.02	0.747
RCS-JS				−0.14	0.02	−0.40	<0.001

Notes:

a 0= male, 1= female.

b 0= officer, 1= enlisted/private.

c 0= unmarried, 1= married.

d 0= no, 1= yes.

e 0= no, 1= yes.

Abbreviations: K6, The Kessler Screening Scale for Psychological Distress; RCS-JS, The Resilience Competence Scale – Japanese Short Version; TRS, The Tachikawa Resilience Scale.